{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220746464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2026.3740265","title":"Falcon: Efficient and Scalable Acceleration of Packet-Level Network Simulation for LLM Training","display_name":"Falcon: Efficient and Scalable Acceleration of Packet-Level Network Simulation for LLM Training","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220746464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2026.3740265"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2026.3740265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2026.3740265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2026.3740265","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2026.3740265","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115410052","display_name":"Likai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8575-662X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8575-662X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Likai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8575-662X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157773781","display_name":"Zheng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7919-5490","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7919-5490"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7919-5490","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152669101","display_name":"Xin He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2163-8172","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2163-8172"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2163-8172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106558017","display_name":"Lei Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4507-7698","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4507-7698","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0996-8562"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4507-7698","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039941317","display_name":"Weibei Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1255-5815","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1255-5815","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7829-7009"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weibei Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1255-5815","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038697911","display_name":"Yitao Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8123-0347","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8123-0347"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yitao Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies Company Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies Company Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102679144","display_name":"Wenjia Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8336-7224","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8336-7224"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjia Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies Company Ltd"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8336-7224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies Company Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157730575","display_name":"Xia Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7228-637X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7228-637X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xia Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies Company Ltd"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7228-637X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies Company Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058593618","display_name":"Heng Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5506-5958","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5506-5958"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100602821","display_name":"Fu Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1815-2793","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1815-2793"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fu Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1815-2793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66596574,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"12","first_page":"2726","last_page":"2743"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14270","display_name":"Simulation and Modeling Applications","score":0.4465000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14270","display_name":"Simulation and Modeling Applications","score":0.4465000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.17759999632835388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.11180000007152557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatio-temporal-decomposition","display_name":"spatio-temporal decomposition","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-simulation","display_name":"parallel simulation","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-task-scheduling","display_name":"dynamic task scheduling","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation-acceleration","display_name":"simulation acceleration","score":0.37700000405311584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.840399980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.6919000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6344000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5562999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3353999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108882727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991685","display_name":"Solid modeling","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.266400009393692}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2026.3740265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2026.3740265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2026.3740265","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2026.3740265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2026.3740265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2026.3740265","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W170020907","https://openalex.org/W2002998534","https://openalex.org/W2012305176","https://openalex.org/W2034673442","https://openalex.org/W2114936722","https://openalex.org/W2123483967","https://openalex.org/W2130531694","https://openalex.org/W2131613942","https://openalex.org/W2329547742","https://openalex.org/W2339876873","https://openalex.org/W2693411020","https://openalex.org/W2776645479","https://openalex.org/W2883830791","https://openalex.org/W3096425133","https://openalex.org/W3129831491","https://openalex.org/W3193193041","https://openalex.org/W4287547927","https://openalex.org/W4290991029","https://openalex.org/W4312968147","https://openalex.org/W4362566357","https://openalex.org/W4381886086","https://openalex.org/W4386396793","https://openalex.org/W4393145114","https://openalex.org/W4394923649","https://openalex.org/W4401176688","https://openalex.org/W4401202443","https://openalex.org/W4404955085","https://openalex.org/W4411471801","https://openalex.org/W4413978010","https://openalex.org/W4416199145","https://openalex.org/W7084029427","https://openalex.org/W7084074251"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7128687534","https://openalex.org/W4411713602","https://openalex.org/W7166529080","https://openalex.org/W7204952095","https://openalex.org/W7026545452","https://openalex.org/W2523772011","https://openalex.org/W4415797739","https://openalex.org/W4248076822","https://openalex.org/W7223119674","https://openalex.org/W7156174932"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"simulation":[1,34,75,122,152,190],"serves":[2],"as":[3],"a":[4,67,83,99,163,174,183],"crucial":[5],"tool":[6],"for":[7,70,127],"evaluating":[8],"the":[9,44,89,107,116,135,155],"performance":[10],"of":[11,76,92],"distributed":[12],"training":[13,30,94,158],"systems.":[14],"Evaluating":[15],"congestion":[16],"control,":[17,21],"routing,":[18],"queueing,":[19],"flow":[20],"and":[22,40,50,56,72,111,145,167,182],"tail-latency":[23],"behavior":[24],"in":[25,154],"large":[26],"language":[27],"model":[28],"(LLM)":[29],"networks":[31],"requires":[32],"packet-level":[33,74,112,137,189],"(PLS)":[35],"when":[36],"transient":[37],"packet,":[38],"queue,":[39],"protocol-state":[41],"interactions":[42],"determine":[43],"outcomes.":[45],"However,":[46],"fine-grained":[47],"packet-event":[48],"processing":[49],"network-state":[51],"maintenance":[52],"impose":[53],"substantial":[54],"runtime":[55],"memory":[57],"overhead":[58],"at":[59],"cluster":[60],"scale.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63],"paper,":[64],"we":[65,81,97,140],"proposeFalcon,":[66],"network-layer":[68],"accelerator":[69],"efficient":[71],"scalable":[73],"LLM-training":[77],"communication":[78,84,108],"traffic.":[79,95],"Specifically,":[80],"construct":[82],"dependency":[85,109],"tree":[86,110],"to":[87,150],"capture":[88],"spatiotemporal":[90,102],"characteristics":[91],"LLM":[93,157],"Then,":[96],"propose":[98],"decomposition-level":[100],"lossless":[101],"decomposition":[103],"strategy":[104],"that":[105],"preserves":[106],"traffic":[113],"semantics":[114],"under":[115],"stated":[117],"partitioning":[118],"conditions,":[119],"while":[120],"decoupling":[121],"tasks":[123],"into":[124],"independent":[125],"sub-tasks":[126],"parallel":[128,188],"execution.":[129],"Each":[130],"sub-task":[131],"is":[132],"executed":[133],"by":[134],"underlying":[136],"backend.":[138],"Finally,":[139],"present":[141],"traffic-aware":[142],"topology":[143],"pruning":[144],"dynamic":[146],"task":[147],"scheduling":[148],"strategies":[149],"ensure":[151],"efficiency":[153],"large-scale":[156],"scenarios.":[159],"We":[160],"have":[161],"implemented":[162],"prototype":[164],"ofFalconon":[165],"SystemC":[166],"NS-3.":[168],"The":[169],"experimental":[170],"results":[171],"indicate":[172],"thatFalcondelivers":[173],"12.5$\\sim$18.9x":[175],"simulation-execution":[176],"speedup":[177,185],"over":[178,186],"monolithic":[179],"PLS":[180],"approaches":[181],"5.7$\\sim$10.3x":[184],"representative":[187],"approaches.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00"}
