{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220738576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.05.755896","title":"Carnivores in a metropolitan forest island: first spatial capture-recapture estimates reveal high densities of leopards and striped hyenas in Jaipur, India","display_name":"Carnivores in a metropolitan forest island: first spatial capture-recapture estimates reveal high densities of leopards and striped hyenas in Jaipur, India","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220738576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.05.755896"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.05.755896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.05.755896","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.05.755896","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/06/2026.10.05.755896.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/06/2026.10.05.755896.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157300719","display_name":"Riddhi Sondagar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0840-922X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0840-922X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31888360","display_name":"Wildlife Institute of India","ror":"https://ror.org/0554dyz25","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31888360"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140994","display_name":"Maharashtra Forest Department","ror":"https://ror.org/0465gqv59","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315184752","https://openalex.org/I4210140994"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142984","display_name":"Uttarakhand Forest Department","ror":"https://ror.org/0461q1s51","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124730","https://openalex.org/I4210142984"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Riddhi Sondagar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rajasthan Forest Department, Jaipur, India","Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India (former)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0840-922X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rajasthan Forest Department, Jaipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140994","https://openalex.org/I4210142984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India (former)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31888360"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054235833","display_name":"Kamakshi S. Tanwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6477-7321","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6477-7321"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31888360","display_name":"Wildlife Institute of India","ror":"https://ror.org/0554dyz25","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31888360"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamakshi Singh Tanwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India (former)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6477-7321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India (former)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31888360"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057364599","display_name":"Mohanraj Thangavel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9700-0710","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9700-0710"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140994","display_name":"Maharashtra Forest Department","ror":"https://ror.org/0465gqv59","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315184752","https://openalex.org/I4210140994"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142984","display_name":"Uttarakhand Forest Department","ror":"https://ror.org/0461q1s51","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124730","https://openalex.org/I4210142984"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohanraj Thangavel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rajasthan Forest Department, Jaipur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9700-0710","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rajasthan Forest Department, Jaipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140994","https://openalex.org/I4210142984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079676559","display_name":"Matt W. Hayward","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5574-1653","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5574-1653"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matt Hayward","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Conservation Science, School of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5574-1653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Conservation Science, School of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076763131","display_name":"Qamar Qureshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3469-6993","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3469-6993"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31888360","display_name":"Wildlife Institute of India","ror":"https://ror.org/0554dyz25","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31888360"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qamar Qureshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India (former)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India (former)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31888360"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5157300719"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31888360","https://openalex.org/I4210140994","https://openalex.org/I4210142984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11913","display_name":"Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leopard","display_name":"leopard","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/striped-hyena","display_name":"striped hyena","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyaena-hyaena","display_name":"Hyaena hyaena","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-protected-areas","display_name":"urban protected areas","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-centers","display_name":"activity centers","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diel-activity-patterns","display_name":"diel activity patterns","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-overlap","display_name":"temporal overlap","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-capture-recapture","display_name":"spatial capture-recapture","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jaipur","display_name":"Jaipur","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-wildlife-interactions","display_name":"human-wildlife interactions","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-subsidies","display_name":"food subsidies","score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/habitat-connectivity","display_name":"habitat connectivity","score":0.5}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776243061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34706","display_name":"Leopard","level":2,"score":0.8756999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.7242000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163528473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81875","display_name":"Carnivore","level":3,"score":0.6582000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.6137999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.5827000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199733313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22856","display_name":"Population density","level":3,"score":0.5252000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777334680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1607611","display_name":"Nocturnal","level":2,"score":0.5209000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4918999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29376679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241741","display_name":"Wildlife","level":2,"score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779682765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42046","display_name":"Hyena","level":2,"score":0.47620001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.40119999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166548495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580178","display_name":"Wildlife management","level":3,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188382862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170430","display_name":"Predation","level":2,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781050692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282869","display_name":"Distance sampling","level":3,"score":0.3571999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779101711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1723004","display_name":"Camera trap","level":3,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201920390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422692","display_name":"Home range","level":3,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147366489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766328","display_name":"Wildlife conservation","level":3,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173656711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19067","display_name":"Apex predator","level":3,"score":0.2648000121116638}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.05.755896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.05.755896","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.05.755896","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/06/2026.10.05.755896.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.05.755896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.05.755896","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.05.755896","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/06/2026.10.05.755896.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7250000238418579}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220738576.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220738576.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319656089","https://openalex.org/W4399636692"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220675736","https://openalex.org/W3204869624","https://openalex.org/W2030432553","https://openalex.org/W7097415582","https://openalex.org/W7171415850","https://openalex.org/W4390681111","https://openalex.org/W4302028957","https://openalex.org/W2904618272","https://openalex.org/W3038958346","https://openalex.org/W4414521603"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Urban":[1],"protected":[2,82],"areas":[3],"(PAs)":[4],"have":[5],"become":[6],"important":[7],"habitats":[8],"for":[9,204],"wildlife":[10],"in":[11,77,153,186],"rapidly":[12,198],"expanding":[13,199],"human-dominated":[14],"landscapes.":[15],"These":[16],"PAs":[17,196],"may":[18,26],"provide":[19],"refuge":[20],"and":[21,33,45,53,61,70,100,109,119,136,156,167,182,190,230,241],"continuously":[22],"abundant":[23],"resources,":[24],"which":[25],"enable":[27],"some":[28],"adaptable":[29],"carnivores":[30,48],"to":[31,106,209],"persist":[32],"attain":[34],"high":[35,169,180],"abundances.":[36],"However,":[37,219],"little":[38],"is":[39],"known":[40],"about":[41],"the":[42,59,87,159,192,202,211,216],"population":[43,237],"ecology":[44],"interactions":[46,63,214],"between":[47,215],"sharing":[49],"such":[50,220],"spatially":[51,102],"restricted":[52],"disturbed":[54],"urban":[55,188],"habitats.":[56],"We":[57,113],"evaluated":[58],"densities":[60,185],"spatio-temporal":[62],"of":[64,89,149,194,225,236],"leopards":[65],"(":[66,73],"Panthera":[67],"pardus":[68],")":[69,76],"striped":[71,137,183],"hyenas":[72],"Hyaena":[74],"hyaena":[75],"Jhalana-Amagarh":[78],"Conservation":[79],"Reserve,":[80],"a":[81],"area":[83],"(PA)":[84],"embedded":[85],"within":[86,197],"metropolis":[88],"Jaipur,":[90],"India.":[91],"During":[92],"May-July":[93],"2025,":[94],"we":[95],"deployed":[96],"30":[97],"paired":[98],"camera-traps":[99],"used":[101],"explicit":[103],"capture-recapture":[104],"models":[105],"estimate":[107],"density":[108,124,127,139],"individual":[110],"activity":[111,118,147],"centres.":[112],"further":[114],"quantified":[115],"their":[116],"diel":[117],"temporal":[120,170],"overlap":[121,171],"using":[122],"kernel":[123],"estimation.":[125],"Leopard":[126],"was":[128],"estimated":[129],"at":[130,140],"7.03":[131],"\u00b1":[132,142],"1.31":[133],"individuals/10":[134,144],"km\u00b2":[135],"hyena":[138,184],"4.06":[141],"0.96":[143],"km\u00b2,":[145],"with":[146,233],"centres":[148],"both":[150],"species":[151,163],"occurring":[152],"close":[154],"proximity":[155],"frequently":[157],"towards":[158],"reserve":[160],"periphery.":[161],"Both":[162],"were":[164],"predominantly":[165],"nocturnal":[166],"showed":[168],"(\u0394^":[172],"4":[173],"=0.80,":[174],"CI=0.73-0.86).":[175],"Our":[176],"results":[177],"report":[178],"exceptionally":[179],"leopard":[181],"an":[187],"PA":[189],"exemplify":[191],"importance":[193],"small":[195],"cities,":[200],"stressing":[201],"need":[203],"finer-scale":[205],"studies":[206],"more":[207],"broadly":[208],"understand":[210],"mechanisms":[212],"shaping":[213],"two":[217],"species.":[218],"systems":[221],"require":[222],"careful":[223],"management":[224],"food":[226],"subsidies,":[227],"habitat":[228],"quality":[229],"connectivity":[231],"along":[232],"long-term":[234],"monitoring":[235],"viability,":[238],"disease":[239],"dynamics":[240],"human-wildlife":[242],"conflict.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00"}
