{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220729946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120252","title":"Paediatric fracture complications following traditional bone setting in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol","display_name":"Paediatric fracture complications following traditional bone setting in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220729946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120252","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42838581","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13646932"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120252","pdf_url":"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/16/10/e120252.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79054089","display_name":"BMJ Open","issn_l":"2044-6055","issn":["2044-6055"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/16/10/e120252.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152416141","display_name":"Yemane Mezgebe Kidane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3623-9246","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3623-9246"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261803","display_name":"Africa Health Sciences University","ror":"https://ror.org/05w9ent16","country_code":"RW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261803"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74813324","display_name":"Mekelle University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bpyvy69","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74813324"]}],"countries":["ET","RW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yemane Mezgebe Kidane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle University, Mek\u2019ele, Ethiopia","Surgery, Africa Health Science University, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3623-9246","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle University, Mek\u2019ele, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74813324"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surgery, Africa Health Science University, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157689541","display_name":"Yohannes Mezgebe Kidane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0877-6038","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0877-6038"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261803","display_name":"Africa Health Sciences University","ror":"https://ror.org/05w9ent16","country_code":"RW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261803"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74813324","display_name":"Mekelle University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bpyvy69","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74813324"]}],"countries":["ET","RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yohannes Mezgebe Kidane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle University, Mek\u2019ele, Ethiopia","Surgery, Africa Health Science University, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0877-6038","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle University, Mek\u2019ele, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74813324"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surgery, Africa Health Science University, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261803"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159669761","display_name":"Haileselasie Berhane","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78545622","display_name":"Aksum University","ror":"https://ror.org/003659f07","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78545622"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haileselasie Berhane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Public Health and Statistics, PHD Candidate, Aksum University College of Health Science and Medicine, Aksum, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Public Health and Statistics, PHD Candidate, Aksum University College of Health Science and Medicine, Aksum, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78545622"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5152416141"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261803","https://openalex.org/I74813324"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1839},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1839},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"10","first_page":"e120252","last_page":"e120252"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10658","display_name":"Bone fractures and treatments","score":0.9520999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10658","display_name":"Bone fractures and treatments","score":0.9520999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11731","display_name":"Global Health and Surgery","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11467","display_name":"Trauma and Emergency Care Studies","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traditional-bone-setting","display_name":"traditional bone setting","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-fractures","display_name":"pediatric fractures","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fracture-complications","display_name":"fracture complications","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compartment-syndrome","display_name":"compartment syndrome","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/major-amputation","display_name":"major amputation","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sepsis-mortality","display_name":"sepsis mortality","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-and-middle-income-countries","display_name":"low- and middle-income countries","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-workforce-shortage","display_name":"health workforce shortage","score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-emergency-care","display_name":"emergency care access","score":0.30799999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9818000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5284000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.5271000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4896000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.4771000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4603999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.4575999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776937108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1480291","display_name":"Contracture","level":2,"score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81182388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353963","display_name":"Complication","level":2,"score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018822202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Patient data","level":2,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187960798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631152","display_name":"Subgroup analysis","level":3,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195910791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Medical record","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131191","display_name":"Body mass index","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000078202","descriptor_name":"Systematic Reviews as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000092943","descriptor_name":"Resource-Limited Settings","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003906","descriptor_name":"Developing Countries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005592","descriptor_name":"Fracture Fixation","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005592","descriptor_name":"Fracture Fixation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015201","descriptor_name":"Meta-Analysis as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050723","descriptor_name":"Fractures, Bone","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D050723","descriptor_name":"Fractures, Bone","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120252","pdf_url":"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/16/10/e120252.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79054089","display_name":"BMJ Open","issn_l":"2044-6055","issn":["2044-6055"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13646932","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13646932/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13646932/pdf/bmjopen-16-10.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42838581","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42838581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ open","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5cbee24d86f94db69be63e029fb3342c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5cbee24d86f94db69be63e029fb3342c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open, Vol 16, Iss 10 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120252","pdf_url":"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/16/10/e120252.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79054089","display_name":"BMJ Open","issn_l":"2044-6055","issn":["2044-6055"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/study-protocol","display_name":"Study Protocol"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220729946.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220729946.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585424492","https://openalex.org/W1979423827","https://openalex.org/W2032689003","https://openalex.org/W2051451360","https://openalex.org/W2081551371","https://openalex.org/W2139168999","https://openalex.org/W2159250090","https://openalex.org/W2161374186","https://openalex.org/W2239574326","https://openalex.org/W2293334498","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3121513383","https://openalex.org/W3123497531","https://openalex.org/W3184011992","https://openalex.org/W4253846569","https://openalex.org/W4294586785","https://openalex.org/W4407304902","https://openalex.org/W7214197625"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3184011992","https://openalex.org/W6939369190","https://openalex.org/W7117138435","https://openalex.org/W2736550742","https://openalex.org/W2912347528","https://openalex.org/W2130754792","https://openalex.org/W2810506539","https://openalex.org/W2561244727","https://openalex.org/W1558677441","https://openalex.org/W1491856405"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"INTRODUCTION":[0],"AND":[1,95,327],"AIMS:":[2],"Traditional":[3],"bone":[4,178],"setters":[5],"(TBS)-lay":[6],"practitioners":[7,137],"who":[8],"manage":[9],"fractures":[10],"without":[11],"formal":[12,334,373],"medical":[13],"qualification-treat":[14],"an":[15],"estimated":[16],"10%-85%":[17],"of":[18,72,88,175,200,257,313,320,384,386],"fracture":[19,174],"patients":[20],"in":[21,53,148,154,221,308,363,399],"low-":[22],"and":[23,35,81,115,130,143,151,197,225,234,253,269,292,310,324,347,352,389,395,403],"middle-income":[24],"countries":[25],"(LMICs).":[26],"Children":[27],"are":[28,210,332],"disproportionately":[29],"vulnerable":[30],"due":[31],"to":[32,44,63,83,194,298,376],"physeal":[33],"immaturity":[34],"lower":[36,48],"diastolic":[37],"blood":[38],"pressure":[39],"thresholds":[40],"that":[41],"increase":[42],"susceptibility":[43],"compartment":[45],"syndrome":[46],"at":[47,201,349],"absolute":[49,222],"intracompartmental":[50],"pressures":[51],"than":[52],"adults.":[54],"No":[55,156,329],"prior":[56],"systematic":[57,79],"review":[58,80],"has":[59,162],"restricted":[60],"analysis":[61,161],"exclusively":[62],"the":[64,85,116,263,282,311,377,382],"paediatric":[65,89,215,358],"population":[66],"or":[67,160,179],"generated":[68],"pooled":[69,86,357],"meta-analytic":[70],"estimates":[71],"complication":[73,276],"rates.":[74],"This":[75,405],"protocol":[76,406],"describes":[77],"a":[78,214,288,305,372],"meta-analysis":[82],"determine":[84],"incidence":[87],"TBS-related":[90],"complications":[91],"across":[92],"LMICs.":[93],"METHODS":[94],"ANALYSIS:":[96],"Nine":[97],"databases":[98],"will":[99,228,237,259,278,301,315,341,367],"be":[100,229,238,260,279,302,316,342,369],"searched":[101],"(PubMed/MEDLINE,":[102],"Embase,":[103],"Cochrane":[104],"CENTRAL,":[105],"African":[106],"Index":[107],"Medicus,":[108],"Global":[109,379,392],"Health/CABI,":[110],"Scopus,":[111],"LILACS,":[112],"WHO":[113,378],"ICTRP":[114],"COSECSA":[117],"Archive)":[118],"supplemented":[119],"by":[120,232,240],"grey":[121],"literature":[122],"sources,":[123],"using":[124,262,281,318],"three":[125],"complementary":[126],"PubMed":[127],"search":[128],"strings":[129],"15":[131],"verified":[132],"vernacular":[133],"synonyms":[134],"for":[135],"TBS":[136,172],"(including":[138],"Wegesha,":[139],"Onisegun,":[140],"Rebouteux,":[141],"Huesero":[142],"Vaidya).":[144],"Database":[145],"searching":[146],"commenced":[147],"April":[149],"2026":[150],"is":[152,219,337,407],"currently":[153],"progress.":[155],"screening,":[157],"data":[158,189,331],"extraction":[159],"been":[163],"initiated.":[164],"Eligibility":[165],"requirements:":[166],"children":[167],"aged":[168],"<18":[169],"years;":[170],"confirmed":[171],"exposure;":[173],"any":[176],"long":[177],"periarticular":[180],"region;":[181],"LMIC":[182],"setting":[183],"(World":[184],"Bank":[185],"2024":[186],"classification);":[187],"primary":[188,204,330],"collected":[190],"from":[191,296],"January":[192],"2010":[193],"February":[195],"2026;":[196],"quantitative":[198],"reporting":[199,207],"least":[202],"one":[203],"outcome.":[205],"Studies":[206],"mixed-age":[208],"populations":[209],"eligible":[211],"only":[212],"if":[213],"subgroup":[216],"(0-17":[217],"years)":[218],"extractable":[220],"numbers.":[223],"Title":[224],"abstract":[226],"screening":[227],"performed":[230],"independently":[231],"YeMK":[233],"YoMK;":[235],"discrepancies":[236],"resolved":[239],"HB.Primary":[241],"outcomes":[242],"are:":[243],"major":[244],"limb":[245],"amputation,":[246],"bonesetter's":[247],"gangrene,":[248],"Volkmann's":[249],"Ischaemic":[250],"Contracture":[251],"(VIC)":[252],"sepsis-related":[254],"mortality.":[255],"Risk":[256],"bias":[258],"assessed":[261,317],"Newcastle-Ottawa":[264],"Scale":[265],"(NOS),":[266],"MinCir":[267],"scale":[268],"Mixed":[270],"Methods":[271],"Appraisal":[272],"Tool":[273],"(MMAT).":[274],"Pooled":[275],"proportions":[277],"calculated":[280],"Freeman-Tukey":[283],"double":[284],"arcsine":[285],"transformation":[286],"under":[287],"random-effects":[289],"model":[290],"(DerSimonian-Laird":[291],"REML).":[293],"Lag":[294],"time":[295],"injury":[297],"hospital":[299],"presentation":[300,348],"examined":[303],"as":[304,371],"continuous":[306],"moderator":[307],"meta-regression,":[309],"certainty":[312],"evidence":[314,374],"Grading":[319],"Recommendations":[321],"Assessment,":[322],"Development":[323],"Evaluation.":[325],"ETHICS":[326],"DISSEMINATION:":[328],"collected;":[333],"ethics":[335],"approval":[336],"not":[338],"required.":[339],"Findings":[340],"disseminated":[343],"through":[344],"peer-reviewed":[345],"publication":[346],"relevant":[350],"orthopaedic":[351,397],"global":[353],"surgery":[354],"conferences.":[355],"If":[356],"amputation":[359],"rates":[360],"exceed":[361],"30%":[362],"late-presenting":[364],"patients,":[365],"findings":[366],"additionally":[368],"submitted":[370],"brief":[375],"Surgery":[380,393],"Programme,":[381],"College":[383],"Surgeons":[385],"East,":[387],"Central":[388],"Southern":[390],"Africa":[391],"Commission,":[394],"national":[396],"associations":[398],"Nigeria,":[400],"Ghana,":[401],"Ethiopia":[402],"Pakistan.":[404],"registered":[408],"with":[409],"PROSPERO":[410,412],"(CRD420261349595).":[411],"REGISTRATION":[413],"NUMBER:":[414],"CRD420261349595.":[415]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00"}
