{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220723441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.01.26364299","title":"Diabetes Polygenic Scores Predict Glycemic Indices and Insulin Use in Individuals with Atypical Diabetes","display_name":"Diabetes Polygenic Scores Predict Glycemic Indices and Insulin Use in Individuals with Atypical Diabetes","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220723441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.01.26364299","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42926628","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13692377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.01.26364299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.01.26364299","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.01.26364299","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/06/2026.10.01.26364299.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/06/2026.10.01.26364299.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073074378","display_name":"Steven D. Gage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7375-453X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7375-453X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107606265","display_name":"Broad Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0ya142","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48633490","display_name":"Mass General Brigham","ror":"https://ror.org/04py2rh25","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven D. Gage","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA","Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7375-453X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039822203","display_name":"Raymond J. Kreienkamp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1683-323X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1683-323X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107606265","display_name":"Broad Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0ya142","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288882113","display_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00dvg7y05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48633490","display_name":"Mass General Brigham","ror":"https://ror.org/04py2rh25","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raymond J. Kreienkamp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA","Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1683-323X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006245950","display_name":"Aaron J. Deutsch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6750-5335","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6750-5335"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107606265","display_name":"Broad Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0ya142","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48633490","display_name":"Mass General Brigham","ror":"https://ror.org/04py2rh25","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron J. Deutsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA","Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6750-5335","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049853388","display_name":"Eric J. Richards","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8665-7470","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8665-7470"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107606265","display_name":"Broad Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0ya142","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258788","display_name":"Boyce Thompson Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/016tr2327","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258788"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric J. Richards","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA","Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8665-7470","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258788"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087749895","display_name":"Liana K. Billings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7991-3010","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7991-3010"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1339509835","display_name":"Endeavor Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tpp9d61","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1339509835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liana K. Billings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Endocrinology, Endeavor Health, Skokie, Illinois; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7991-3010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Endocrinology, Endeavor Health, Skokie, Illinois; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1339509835","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084953114","display_name":"SARA JANE CROMER","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4924-2049","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4924-2049"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107606265","display_name":"Broad Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0ya142","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48633490","display_name":"Mass General Brigham","ror":"https://ror.org/04py2rh25","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara J. Cromer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA","Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4924-2049","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020626435","display_name":"Siri Atma W. Greeley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0741-3567","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0741-3567"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siri Atma W. Greeley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, the Kovler Diabetes Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0741-3567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, the Kovler Diabetes Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029280234","display_name":"Irl B. Hirsch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1675-8417","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1675-8417"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irl B. Hirsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1675-8417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012998863","display_name":"Alicia Huerta\u2010Chagoya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6218-3904","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6218-3904"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107606265","display_name":"Broad Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0ya142","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48633490","display_name":"Mass General Brigham","ror":"https://ror.org/04py2rh25","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alicia Huerta-Chagoya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA","Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6218-3904","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066700951","display_name":"Steven E. Kahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7307-9002","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7307-9002"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094549","display_name":"VA Puget Sound Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/00ky3az31","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210094549","https://openalex.org/I4210138024"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven E. Kahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7307-9002","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210094549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082737199","display_name":"Klara Rachel Klein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5894-9054","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5894-9054"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klara R. Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5894-9054","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101966760","display_name":"Josep Maria Mercader","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8494-3660","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8494-3660","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1838-2647"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107606265","display_name":"Broad Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0ya142","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48633490","display_name":"Mass General Brigham","ror":"https://ror.org/04py2rh25","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josep M. Mercader","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA","Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8494-3660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084999041","display_name":"Neda Rasouli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-3580","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-3580"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148403","display_name":"VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/04d7ez939","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210113540","https://openalex.org/I4210148403"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51713134","display_name":"University of Colorado Anschutz","ror":"https://ror.org/03wmf1y16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51713134"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neda Rasouli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, School of Medicine and VA Eastern Colorado Heath Care System, Aurora, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-3580","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, School of Medicine and VA Eastern Colorado Heath Care System, Aurora, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148403","https://openalex.org/I51713134"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038769453","display_name":"Marjan Rezaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6427-3919","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6427-3919"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51713134","display_name":"University of Colorado Anschutz","ror":"https://ror.org/03wmf1y16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51713134"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marjan Rezaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51713134"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025974153","display_name":"MARIA JOSE REDONDO","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5871-4645","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5871-4645"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181547552","display_name":"Baylor College of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02pttbw34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181547552","https://openalex.org/I2801539370"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria J. Redondo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5871-4645","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181547552"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021499891","display_name":"Ashok Balasubramanyam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2093-5201","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2093-5201"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181547552","display_name":"Baylor College of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02pttbw34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181547552","https://openalex.org/I2801539370"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashok Balasubramanyam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2093-5201","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181547552"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047478353","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 C. Florez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1730-9325","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1730-9325"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107606265","display_name":"Broad Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0ya142","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48633490","display_name":"Mass General Brigham","ror":"https://ror.org/04py2rh25","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose C. Florez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA","Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1730-9325","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073002116","display_name":"Louis H. Philipson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2208-3607","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2208-3607"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louis H. Philipson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, the Kovler Diabetes Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2208-3607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, the Kovler Diabetes Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011512882","display_name":"Jason A. Flannick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3618-795X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3618-795X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107606265","display_name":"Broad Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0ya142","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288882113","display_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00dvg7y05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Flannick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA","Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3618-795X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062262355","display_name":"Miriam S. Udler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3824-9162","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3824-9162"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107606265","display_name":"Broad Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0ya142","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48633490","display_name":"Mass General Brigham","ror":"https://ror.org/04py2rh25","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Miriam S. Udler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA","Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3824-9162","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diabetes Genetics Initiative and Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057102343","display_name":"RADIANT STUDY GROUP","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"RADIANT Study Group","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062262355"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107606265","https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I48633490"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11171","display_name":"Diabetes and associated disorders","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11171","display_name":"Diabetes and associated disorders","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.008500000461935997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atypical-diabetes","display_name":"atypical diabetes","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygenic-risk-score","display_name":"polygenic risk score","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-1-diabetes","display_name":"type 1 diabetes","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-deficiency","display_name":"insulin deficiency","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-index","display_name":"glycemic index","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-peptide","display_name":"C-peptide","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-glucose-tolerance-test","display_name":"oral glucose tolerance test","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-therapy","display_name":"insulin therapy","score":0.7400000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8072999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.7491000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.7275999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.6779000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780473172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572518","display_name":"Glycemic","level":3,"score":0.6740999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781232474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124407","display_name":"Type 1 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.6108999848365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.517300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779920387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417317","display_name":"Insulin glargine","level":4,"score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.4198000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778024521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55639806","display_name":"Basal (medicine)","level":3,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165220095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207524","display_name":"Islet","level":3,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.01.26364299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.01.26364299","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.01.26364299","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/06/2026.10.01.26364299.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:42926628","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42926628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13692377","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42926628/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.01.26364299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.01.26364299","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.01.26364299","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/06/2026.10.01.26364299.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.98580002784729,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2451312963","display_name":"GENOMIC, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GENETIC VARIATION ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES IN LATIN AMERICANS","funder_award_id":"11-22-ICTSPM-16","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306089","funder_display_name":"American Diabetes Association"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4558823551","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K12DK133995","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306089","funder_display_name":"American Diabetes Association"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5211151649","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNF21SA0072102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322436","funder_display_name":"Novo Nordisk"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8425653140","display_name":"Identification of mechanistic pathways driving type 2 diabetes risk in Latin American populations","funder_award_id":"11-23-PDF-35","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306089","funder_display_name":"American Diabetes Association"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000865025","display_name":"Development of Polygenic Risk Scores for Diabetes and Complications across the Life-Span in Populations of Multiple Ancestries","funder_award_id":"U01HG011723","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337348","funder_display_name":"National Human Genome Research Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000871839","display_name":"RARE and Atypical Diabetes Network(RADIANT)","funder_award_id":"U54DK118638","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000889043","display_name":"Mentoring Investigators on the Clinical Translation of Cardiometabolic Genetic Discoveries","funder_award_id":"K24HL157960","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000889149","display_name":"Multi-Ancestry Genetic Analysis of Type 1 Diabetes and Related Conditions","funder_award_id":"K23DK140643","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000894746","display_name":"Diabetes-Docs: Physician-Scientist Career Development Program (DiabDocs)","funder_award_id":"K12DK133995","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000905022","display_name":"Massive-scale genomic risk assessment to inform precision medicine across the spectrum of monogenic and common forms of diabetes","funder_award_id":"R01DK140545","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000905300","display_name":"Center for Identification and Study of Individuals with Atypical Diabetes Mellitus","funder_award_id":"U54DK118612","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000912395","display_name":"GEneration and assessment of Multi-omic informed Subtypes of Type 2 Diabetes in Diverse Populations (GEMS-T2D)","funder_award_id":"U01DK140757","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000912590","display_name":"Cataloging multi-ancestry 'omic readouts of the environmental and genetic determinants of type 2 diabetes","funder_award_id":"R01DK137993","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306089","display_name":"American Diabetes Association","ror":"https://ror.org/04f6cgz95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314582","display_name":"Pediatric Endocrine Society","ror":"https://ror.org/0154dw965"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322436","display_name":"Novo Nordisk","ror":"https://ror.org/0435rc536"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/012pb6c26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337348","display_name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00baak391"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00adh9b73"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220723441.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220723441.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082704080","https://openalex.org/W2104549677","https://openalex.org/W2166320441","https://openalex.org/W2179026698","https://openalex.org/W2313889229","https://openalex.org/W2472022302","https://openalex.org/W2510973425","https://openalex.org/W2520572981","https://openalex.org/W2606216134","https://openalex.org/W2787337620","https://openalex.org/W2896006385","https://openalex.org/W2909528989","https://openalex.org/W2909847496","https://openalex.org/W2946188513","https://openalex.org/W2951349772","https://openalex.org/W2965934614","https://openalex.org/W4221037577","https://openalex.org/W4281656540","https://openalex.org/W4282841576","https://openalex.org/W4283712790","https://openalex.org/W4304698823","https://openalex.org/W4319294031","https://openalex.org/W4367186679","https://openalex.org/W4381733549","https://openalex.org/W4391655980","https://openalex.org/W4391925503","https://openalex.org/W4392472036","https://openalex.org/W4401742620","https://openalex.org/W4405187673","https://openalex.org/W4410512527","https://openalex.org/W4412647992","https://openalex.org/W4414335793","https://openalex.org/W4416226591","https://openalex.org/W7124487124","https://openalex.org/W7202271683"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385715236","https://openalex.org/W4406334228","https://openalex.org/W4399688206","https://openalex.org/W4410512527","https://openalex.org/W4387358155","https://openalex.org/W4392588980","https://openalex.org/W7066071125","https://openalex.org/W7211949467","https://openalex.org/W4281978787","https://openalex.org/W4317871303"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aims/Hypothesis:":[0],"Atypical":[1,62],"forms":[2],"of":[3,30,73,168,176,237],"diabetes":[4,22,35,42,49,77,189,247],"often":[5],"provide":[6],"diagnostic":[7],"challenges":[8],"and":[9,20,46,61,68,75,90,96,159,174,179,198,209,229],"are":[10],"suboptimally":[11],"treated.":[12],"We":[13,38,79],"sought":[14],"to":[15,83,204],"determine":[16],"whether":[17],"type":[18,40,47,196,199,207,210],"1":[19,41,197,208,221],"2":[21,48,200,211],"polygenic":[23],"scores":[24],"(PS)":[25],"would":[26],"help":[27,242],"improve":[28],"classification":[29],"islet":[31,238],"autoantibody-negative":[32],"(IAb-)":[33],"atypical":[34,76,246],"cases.":[36,78],"Methods:":[37],"implemented":[39],"PS":[43,50,98,112,130,139,148,154,162,214,240],"(T1D":[44,161],"PS)":[45,52],"(T2D":[51],"in":[53,102,105,126,185,234],"309":[54],"IAb-individuals'":[55],"genome":[56],"sequencing":[57],"from":[58,108,252],"the":[59,66,235],"Rare":[60],"Diabetes":[63],"Network":[64],"(RADIANT),":[65],"largest":[67],"most":[69],"comprehensively":[70],"phenotyped":[71],"collection":[72],"unsolved":[74],"performed":[80],"regression":[81],"analyses":[82],"assess":[84],"associations":[85],"between":[86],"PS,":[87],"clinical":[88],"characteristics,":[89],"glycemic":[91],"measures.":[92,144],"Results:":[93],"Both":[94,111],"T1D":[95,129,147,213],"T2D":[97,138],"were":[99,113],"significantly":[100],"higher":[101,143,166],"RADIANT":[103,186],"than":[104],"ancestry-matched":[106],"controls":[107,160],"UK":[109],"Biobank.":[110],"associated":[114,132,141],"with":[115,133,142,146,187,217,226,245],"C-peptide":[116,135],"measures":[117],"throughout":[118],"participant":[119],"oral":[120],"glucose":[121],"tolerance":[122],"tests":[123],"(OGTT),":[124],"although":[125],"opposite":[127],"directions;":[128],"was":[131,140],"lower":[134],"measures,":[136],"while":[137],"Participants":[145],"above":[149],"a":[150],"previously":[151],"established":[152],"optimal":[153],"value":[155],"for":[156,194,231],"differentiating":[157],"cases":[158],"GRS2>12.88)":[163],"had":[164],"13-fold":[165],"odds":[167],"both":[169,177,195],"insulin":[170,181,227,233,253],"deficiency":[171,228],"on":[172],"OGTT":[173],"use":[175],"basal":[178],"bolus":[180],"therapy.":[182,254],"Conclusions/Interpretation:":[183],"Individuals":[184],"ambiguous":[188],"subtypes":[190],"displayed":[191],"genetic":[192],"enrichment":[193],"diabetes,":[201],"despite":[202],"ascertainment":[203],"remove":[205],"standard":[206],"diabetes.":[212],"identified":[215],"individuals":[216,244],"an":[218],"unrecognized":[219],"\"type":[220],"diabetes-":[222],"like":[223],"\"":[224],"phenotype":[225],"need":[230],"intensive":[232],"absence":[236],"autoantibodies.":[239],"may":[241],"identify":[243],"who":[248],"will":[249],"ultimately":[250],"benefit":[251]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00"}
