{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220717779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1948772","title":"Immune-related adverse events are associated with favorable clinical outcomes in esophageal cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","display_name":"Immune-related adverse events are associated with favorable clinical outcomes in esophageal cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220717779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1948772","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42903106","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13680211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1948772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1948772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1948772","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1948772/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596394214","display_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","issn_l":"2234-943X","issn":["2234-943X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1948772/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157728797","display_name":"Jiajia Fan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17747738","display_name":"Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/05damtm70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17747738"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajia Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17747738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153458837","display_name":"Dongmei Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801051648","display_name":"China-Japan Friendship Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/037cjxp13","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801051648"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongmei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Oncology, Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Oncology, Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801051648"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103136310","display_name":"Liqun Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0370-2126","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0370-2126"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801051648","display_name":"China-Japan Friendship Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/037cjxp13","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801051648"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liqun Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Oncology, Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Oncology, Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801051648"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103136310"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801051648"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52917172,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"1948772","last_page":"1948772"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10619","display_name":"Esophageal Cancer Research and Treatment","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-related-adverse-events","display_name":"immune-related adverse events","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-checkpoint-inhibitors","display_name":"immune checkpoint inhibitors","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/esophageal-cancer","display_name":"esophageal cancer","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-related-toxicity","display_name":"immune-related toxicity","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/progression-free-survival","display_name":"progression-free survival","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overall-survival","display_name":"overall survival","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/objective-response-rate","display_name":"objective response rate","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-control-rate","display_name":"disease control rate","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-biomarkers","display_name":"predictive biomarkers","score":0.6620000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9144999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.7107999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.677299976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.6654000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.65829998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207103383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3930246","display_name":"Hazard ratio","level":3,"score":0.6396999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779742542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372701","display_name":"Esophageal cancer","level":3,"score":0.5936999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.555400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.5286999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776478404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1105187","display_name":"Cochrane Library","level":3,"score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187960798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631152","display_name":"Subgroup analysis","level":3,"score":0.4293000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780439572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919364","display_name":"Publication bias","level":3,"score":0.38830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.37610000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019894029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332823","display_name":"Overall survival","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777297899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298191","display_name":"Esophagectomy","level":4,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776283816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332823","display_name":"Survival rate","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1948772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1948772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1948772","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1948772/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596394214","display_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","issn_l":"2234-943X","issn":["2234-943X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13680211","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13680211/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13680211/pdf/fonc-16-1948772.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Oncol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42903106","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42903106","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in oncology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:52de53fdf139432ebe26759af36c306c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/52de53fdf139432ebe26759af36c306c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Oncology, Vol 16 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1948772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1948772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1948772","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1948772/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596394214","display_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","issn_l":"2234-943X","issn":["2234-943X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220717779.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220717779.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585093095","https://openalex.org/W1997479215","https://openalex.org/W2088095316","https://openalex.org/W2116475791","https://openalex.org/W2126930838","https://openalex.org/W2153942285","https://openalex.org/W2464924628","https://openalex.org/W2754877046","https://openalex.org/W2761117676","https://openalex.org/W2901290947","https://openalex.org/W2908431216","https://openalex.org/W2975424845","https://openalex.org/W2996181407","https://openalex.org/W3017217098","https://openalex.org/W3035638333","https://openalex.org/W3116165322","https://openalex.org/W3144543375","https://openalex.org/W3163923489","https://openalex.org/W3175499281","https://openalex.org/W3185449536","https://openalex.org/W4205465153","https://openalex.org/W4224241812","https://openalex.org/W4297491861","https://openalex.org/W4313433838","https://openalex.org/W4313456217","https://openalex.org/W4315650206","https://openalex.org/W4327622404","https://openalex.org/W4366547647","https://openalex.org/W4379386535","https://openalex.org/W4384931169","https://openalex.org/W4385798580","https://openalex.org/W4386200638","https://openalex.org/W4386466480","https://openalex.org/W4390504662","https://openalex.org/W4393935425","https://openalex.org/W4394570372","https://openalex.org/W4396738275","https://openalex.org/W4398182523","https://openalex.org/W4399286806","https://openalex.org/W4399295705","https://openalex.org/W4400056818","https://openalex.org/W4400249061","https://openalex.org/W4400965721","https://openalex.org/W4401022782","https://openalex.org/W4401451977","https://openalex.org/W4401985259","https://openalex.org/W4402051060","https://openalex.org/W4402286170","https://openalex.org/W4403605180","https://openalex.org/W4405721520","https://openalex.org/W4405796629","https://openalex.org/W4406023755","https://openalex.org/W4406147084","https://openalex.org/W4407947626","https://openalex.org/W4409946531","https://openalex.org/W4410905249","https://openalex.org/W4411369657","https://openalex.org/W4413099940","https://openalex.org/W4415374798","https://openalex.org/W7128000712","https://openalex.org/W7131778467","https://openalex.org/W7154473966","https://openalex.org/W7154587075"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7154898349","https://openalex.org/W4313433838","https://openalex.org/W4297491861","https://openalex.org/W7166657752","https://openalex.org/W4281616382","https://openalex.org/W7128000712","https://openalex.org/W4406147084","https://openalex.org/W3155812430","https://openalex.org/W3030195455","https://openalex.org/W4311867141"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Immune-related":[1],"adverse":[2],"events":[3],"(irAEs)":[4],"are":[5],"distinctive":[6],"toxicities":[7],"associated":[8,188],"with":[9,20,34,72,128,143,189,266,273,322],"immune":[10],"checkpoint":[11],"inhibitors":[12],"(ICIs)":[13],"and":[14,45,54,64,68,80,90,109,137,150,168,209,223,229,238,267,294,305,327,338],"have":[15],"been":[16],"reported":[17,69],"to":[18,48,98,331],"correlate":[19],"clinical":[21,55],"outcomes":[22,56],"in":[23,32,57,70,245],"several":[24],"cancers.":[25],"However,":[26,289],"whether":[27],"this":[28,58],"association":[29,51,106],"also":[30,172],"exists":[31],"patients":[33,180,265,272,321],"esophageal":[35,323],"cancer":[36],"(EC)":[37],"receiving":[38,275],"ICIs":[39],"remains":[40],"uncertain.":[41],"This":[42,61,313],"systematic":[43,62],"review":[44,63,343],"meta-analysis":[46,65],"aimed":[47],"evaluate":[49],"the":[50,73,91,105,233,262,277],"between":[52,107,264],"irAEs":[53,108,186,280],"population.":[59],"Methods:":[60],"was":[66,187],"conducted":[67],"accordance":[71],"Preferred":[74],"Reporting":[75],"Items":[76],"for":[77,135,148,225,236,261,292],"Systematic":[78,342],"Reviews":[79],"Meta-Analyses":[81],"(PRISMA)":[82],"2020":[83],"statement.":[84],"PubMed,":[85],"Embase,":[86],"Web":[87],"of":[88,185,279,286],"Science,":[89],"Cochrane":[92],"Library":[93],"were":[94,133,146,171,181,219,242,259],"searched":[95],"from":[96,318],"inception":[97],"March":[99],"2,":[100],"2026.":[101],"Eligible":[102],"studies":[103,176,304],"evaluated":[104],"progression-free":[110],"survival":[111,114,252,311],"(PFS),":[112],"overall":[113],"(OS),":[115],"objective":[116],"response":[117],"rate":[118,123],"(ORR),":[119],"or":[120,256],"disease":[121],"control":[122],"(DCR).":[124],"Hazard":[125],"ratios":[126,141],"(HRs)":[127],"95%":[129,144,157,194,200,206,213,217],"confidence":[130],"intervals":[131,159],"(CIs)":[132],"pooled":[134,147],"PFS":[136,191,237,293],"OS,":[138,227],"whereas":[139],"odds":[140],"(ORs)":[142],"CIs":[145],"ORR":[149,203,295],"DCR":[151,210],"using":[152,254],"random-effects":[153],"models.":[154],"Between-study":[155],"heterogeneity,":[156],"prediction":[158],"(PIs),":[160],"sensitivity":[161],"analyses,":[162,167],"publication":[163],"bias,":[164],"prespecified":[165],"subgroup":[166],"immortal-time":[169],"bias":[170,308],"assessed.":[173],"Results:":[174],"14":[175],"involving":[177],"1,":[178],"546":[179],"included.":[182],"The":[183,216],"occurrence":[184,278],"improved":[190],"(HR,":[192,198],"0.45;":[193],"CI,":[195,201,207,214],"0.31-0.63),":[196],"OS":[197],"0.54;":[199],"0.46-0.64),":[202],"(OR,":[204,211],"4.00;":[205],"1.58-10.12),":[208],"3.85;":[212],"2.40-6.20).":[215],"PIs":[218,291],"0.16-1.24,":[220],"0.44-0.66,":[221],"0.19-82.57,":[222],"1.42-10.44":[224],"PFS,":[226],"ORR,":[228],"DCR,":[230],"respectively,":[231],"crossing":[232],"null":[234],"value":[235],"ORR.":[239],"Subgroup":[240,334],"estimates":[241,253],"generally":[243],"similar":[244],"direction":[246],"but":[247],"remained":[248],"exploratory.":[249],"No":[250],"eligible":[251],"landmark":[255],"time-varying":[257],"approaches":[258],"available":[260],"comparison":[263],"without":[268],"irAEs.":[269],"Conclusions:":[270],"In":[271],"EC":[274],"ICIs,":[276],"may":[281,300,309],"be":[282],"a":[283],"prognostic":[284],"marker":[285],"favorable":[287],"outcomes.":[288],"wide":[290],"indicate":[296],"that":[297],"these":[298,332],"associations":[299],"vary":[301],"across":[302],"future":[303],"immortal":[306],"time":[307],"overestimate":[310],"associations.":[312],"observational":[314],"evidence":[315],"derives":[316],"mainly":[317],"East":[319],"Asian":[320],"squamous":[324],"cell":[325],"carcinoma":[326],"is":[328],"primarily":[329],"applicable":[330],"patients.":[333],"findings":[335],"remain":[336],"exploratory":[337],"require":[339],"prospective":[340],"validation.":[341],"registration:":[344],"https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/,":[345],"identifier":[346],"CRD420261346294.":[347]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00"}
