{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220706271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.04286","title":"CyTReX: Explainable AI-Based Cybersecurity Threat Reasoning Framework for DER Networks","display_name":"CyTReX: Explainable AI-Based Cybersecurity Threat Reasoning Framework for DER Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220706271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.04286"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.04286","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.04286","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.04286","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.04286","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121149095","display_name":"Damilola Popoola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4681-0653","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4681-0653"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Popoola, Damilola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State University , Ames , IA 50011"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State University , Ames , IA 50011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102003999","display_name":"Souradeep Bhattacharya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9707-7802","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9707-7802"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhattacharya, Souradeep","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State University , Ames , IA 50011"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State University , Ames , IA 50011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011171619","display_name":"Manimaran Govindarasu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2941-5993","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2941-5993"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Govindarasu, Manimaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State University , Ames , IA 50011"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State University , Ames , IA 50011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.6650000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.6650000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.2667999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.013500000350177288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-energy-resources","display_name":"distributed energy resources","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-traffic-analysis","display_name":"network traffic analysis","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-threat-intelligence","display_name":"cyber threat intelligence","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shap-attribution","display_name":"SHAP feature attribution","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-context-protocol","display_name":"Model Context Protocol","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attack-trees","display_name":"attack trees","score":0.6620000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6827999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6812000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5684999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777548347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5456937","display_name":"Flagging","level":2,"score":0.4657000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.45840001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C517642484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388514","display_name":"Intelligence analysis","level":2,"score":0.4383000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89288958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301504","display_name":"Reasoning system","level":2,"score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86827895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098582","display_name":"Opportunistic reasoning","level":4,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.04286","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.04286","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.04286","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.lib.iastate.edu:20.500.12876/109100","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/109100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196104","display_name":"Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","host_organization_name":"Iowa State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.04286","raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.04286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.04286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.04286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.04286","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.04286","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.04286","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334194","display_name":"Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response","ror":"https://ror.org/041g4v832"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220706271.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220706271.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4396788086"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7171785204","https://openalex.org/W7212892699","https://openalex.org/W7117152982","https://openalex.org/W7221692931","https://openalex.org/W4414929162","https://openalex.org/W7161261314","https://openalex.org/W4405662595","https://openalex.org/W4412446464","https://openalex.org/W4392389601","https://openalex.org/W4406320579"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distributed":[0],"Energy":[1],"Resource":[2],"(DER)":[3],"environments":[4],"rely":[5],"on":[6],"network":[7,50],"communication":[8,37],"protocols":[9],"to":[10,32,110,187],"coordinate":[11],"control":[12],"commands,":[13],"measurements,":[14],"and":[15,21,117,141,169,182,195,220],"device":[16],"states":[17],"across":[18,207],"edge":[19],"assets":[20],"cloud":[22,155],"systems.":[23],"Edge":[24],"anomaly":[25,102,152],"detection":[26,137,153],"systems":[27],"(ADS)":[28],"monitor":[29],"this":[30],"traffic":[31],"identify":[33],"deviations":[34],"from":[35],"normal":[36],"behavior,":[38],"flagging":[39],"suspicious":[40],"flows":[41],"for":[42,59,96],"further":[43],"investigation.":[44,79,118],"When":[45],"the":[46,62,65,224,228],"ADS":[47],"flags":[48],"abnormal":[49],"traffic,":[51],"a":[52,127,133],"single":[53],"attack":[54,158],"label":[55,63],"is":[56,185,201],"often":[57],"insufficient":[58],"operational":[60],"response:":[61],"reports":[64],"detector's":[66],"selected":[67],"class":[68],"but":[69],"does":[70],"not":[71],"expose":[72],"alternative":[73],"threat":[74,93,107,143],"interpretations":[75],"that":[76,99,178,196,211],"may":[77],"warrant":[78],"This":[80,176],"paper":[81],"presents":[82],"Cybersecurity":[83],"Threat":[84],"Reasoning":[85],"with":[86,223],"Explainable":[87],"Artificial":[88],"Intelligence":[89],"(CyTReX),":[90],"an":[91],"evidence-grounded":[92,230],"reasoning":[94,125,156,213,231],"framework":[95],"DER":[97],"security":[98],"transforms":[100],"network-level":[101],"alerts":[103],"into":[104],"ranked,":[105],"analyst-facing":[106],"hypotheses":[108],"designed":[109],"support":[111],"Security":[112],"Operations":[113],"Center":[114],"(SOC)":[115],"triage":[116],"CyTReX":[119],"constrains":[120],"large":[121],"language":[122],"model":[123,139],"(LLM)":[124],"through":[126],"structured":[128],"evidence":[129,148,189,200,218],"packet,":[130],"defined":[131],"as":[132],"consolidated":[134],"record":[135],"of":[136],"outputs,":[138],"explanations,":[140],"cyber":[142],"intelligence":[144],"(CTI)":[145],"context.":[146,232],"The":[147],"packet":[149],"integrates":[150],"edge-layer":[151],"evidence,":[154],"layer":[157],"interpretation,":[159],"Shapley":[160],"Additive":[161],"Explanations":[162],"(SHAP)":[163],"network-feature":[164],"attributions,":[165],"surrogate":[166],"decision":[167],"rules,":[168],"Model":[170],"Context":[171],"Protocol":[172],"(MCP)-enabled":[173],"CTI":[174],"enrichment.":[175],"ensures":[177],"every":[179],"ranked":[180],"hypothesis":[181,216],"attack-tree":[183],"branch":[184],"traceable":[186],"explicit":[188],"rather":[190,203],"than":[191,204],"free-form":[192],"LLM":[193],"inference,":[194],"incomplete":[197],"or":[198],"conflicting":[199],"communicated":[202],"suppressed.":[205],"Evaluation":[206],"five":[208],"configurations":[209],"shows":[210],"additional":[212],"components":[214],"improve":[215],"specificity,":[217],"traceability,":[219],"analytical":[221],"grounding,":[222],"complete":[225],"pipeline":[226],"providing":[227],"richest":[229]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00"}