{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220701151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.04253","title":"Spec2Game: Can LLMs Generate Complete Playable Games from Detailed Specifications?","display_name":"Spec2Game: Can LLMs Generate Complete Playable Games from Detailed Specifications?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220701151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.04253"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.04253","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.04253","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.04253","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.04253","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157785848","display_name":"Yixue Cai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cai, Yixue","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157777779","display_name":"Yuzhe Zhao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Yuzhe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nankai University Tianjin , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nankai University Tianjin , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144374651","display_name":"Hanxiang Chao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1553-4572","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1553-4572"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao, Hanxiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan University Wuhan , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan University Wuhan , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157762973","display_name":"Qingsen Ma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ma, Qingsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081127610","display_name":"Ziheng Xiong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiong, Ziheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095747638","display_name":"Jinhu Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5544-4786","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5544-4786"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi, Jinhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123516107","display_name":"Irwin King","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8106-6447","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8106-6447"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"King, Irwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.7372999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.7372999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.20970000326633453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.013500000350177288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-generation","display_name":"game generation","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-specifications","display_name":"natural language specifications","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable-specifications","display_name":"executable specifications","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pygame","display_name":"Pygame","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"benchmark","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-quality","display_name":"code quality","score":0.6690000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.885200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7196000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5849000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5651999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4512999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78639753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3318160","display_name":"Behavioral modeling","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018412434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7889","display_name":"Video game","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200288055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2621792","display_name":"Element (criminal law)","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117222624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575010","display_name":"Specification","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.04253","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.04253","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.04253","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.04253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.04253","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.04253","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.04253","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.04253","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.04253","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220701151.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220701151.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7160877258","https://openalex.org/W7083335335","https://openalex.org/W4389524188","https://openalex.org/W7154504161","https://openalex.org/W7165025980","https://openalex.org/W7162401042","https://openalex.org/W4415961038","https://openalex.org/W7153293147","https://openalex.org/W7083511118","https://openalex.org/W7220946974"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generating":[0],"an":[1],"executable":[2],"program":[3],"does":[4,109],"not":[5,110],"necessarily":[6],"mean":[7],"that":[8,38,106,119,140],"it":[9],"correctly":[10],"implements":[11],"the":[12],"behavioral":[13],"requirements":[14],"specified":[15],"in":[16],"natural":[17],"language.":[18],"To":[19],"evaluate":[20,84],"large":[21],"language":[22],"models'":[23],"ability":[24],"to":[25,41],"realize":[26],"detailed":[27,47],"specifications":[28],"as":[29],"complete":[30,43],"interactive":[31],"programs,":[32],"we":[33,83,104],"introduce":[34],"Spec2Game,":[35],"a":[36,149],"benchmark":[37],"requires":[39],"models":[40,120],"generate":[42],"Pygame":[44],"projects":[45,86],"from":[46],"natural-language":[48],"game":[49,54,143],"specifications.":[50],"Spec2Game":[51],"comprises":[52],"15":[53],"families":[55],"and":[56,64,80,94,100,131,136,145],"150":[57],"task":[58,63],"instances,":[59],"with":[60],"one":[61],"canonical":[62],"nine":[65],"controlled":[66],"rule":[67],"variants":[68],"per":[69],"family,":[70],"spanning":[71],"three":[72],"levels":[73],"of":[74],"implementation":[75],"complexity.":[76],"Using":[77],"source-code,":[78],"runtime,":[79],"visual":[81],"evidence,":[82],"generated":[85,102],"along":[87],"four":[88],"dimensions---Executability,":[89],"Specification":[90],"Realization,":[91],"Code":[92],"Quality,":[93],"User-Facing":[95],"Quality.":[96],"Across":[97],"14":[98],"LLMs":[99],"3,330":[101],"projects,":[103],"find":[105],"high":[107],"executability":[108],"imply":[111],"faithful":[112],"specification":[113],"realization.":[114],"Component-level":[115],"analysis":[116],"further":[117],"shows":[118],"perform":[121],"substantially":[122],"better":[123],"on":[124,129],"Game":[125],"Element":[126],"Modeling":[127,133],"than":[128],"Rule":[130],"Mechanism":[132],"or":[134],"Goal":[135],"Termination":[137],"Modeling,":[138],"indicating":[139],"faithfully":[141],"implementing":[142],"rules":[144],"termination":[146],"logic":[147],"remains":[148],"major":[150],"challenge.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00"}