{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220698656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/jlgp.vol.10.no5.2025.pg1.11","title":"Normalization Versus Criminalization: Bureaucratic Corruption and Kickbacks in Nigeria and China, 2015-2025","display_name":"Normalization Versus Criminalization: Bureaucratic Corruption and Kickbacks in Nigeria and China, 2015-2025","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220698656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/jlgp.vol.10.no5.2025.pg1.11"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.56201/jlgp.vol.10.no5.2025.pg1.11","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/jlgp.vol.10.no5.2025.pg1.11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56201/jlgp.vol.10.no5.2025.pg1.11","pdf_url":"https://iiardjournals.org/get/JLGP/VOL. 10 NO. 5 2025/Normalization Versus Criminalization 1-11.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387292238","display_name":"JOURNAL OF LAW AND GLOBAL POLICY","issn_l":"2579-051X","issn":["2579-051X","2695-2424"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JOURNAL OF LAW AND GLOBAL POLICY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7220698656"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iiardjournals.org/get/JLGP/VOL. 10 NO. 5 2025/Normalization Versus Criminalization 1-11.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022960229","display_name":"Victor Prince Charles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5303-5258","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5303-5258"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799775433","display_name":"Federal University Otuoke","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsvfh24","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799775433"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles Victor Prince","raw_affiliation_strings":["PhD student Federal University Otuoke, Bayelsa State"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD student Federal University Otuoke, Bayelsa State","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799775433"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022960229"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799775433"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11042","display_name":"Corruption and Economic Development","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11042","display_name":"Corruption and Economic Development","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12986","display_name":"Administrative Law and Governance","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bureaucratic-corruption","display_name":"bureaucratic corruption","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kickbacks","display_name":"kickbacks","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization-of-corruption","display_name":"normalization of corruption","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminalization-of-corruption","display_name":"criminalization of corruption","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-corruption-agencies","display_name":"anti-corruption agencies","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rent-seeking","display_name":"rent-seeking","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-accountability","display_name":"political accountability","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depoliticization","display_name":"depoliticization","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nigeria","display_name":"Nigeria","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-governance","display_name":"comparative governance","score":0.6940000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51575053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468","display_name":"Bureaucracy","level":3,"score":0.7445999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780652975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761413","display_name":"Criminalization","level":2,"score":0.5745000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780027415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524648","display_name":"Language change","level":2,"score":0.5274999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.49129998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.48030000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.42170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42027317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307054","display_name":"Principle of legality","level":2,"score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C508889258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858400","display_name":"Political corruption","level":3,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46295352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Legitimacy","level":3,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294217","display_name":"Public sector","level":2,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147887874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16252774","display_name":"Institutional theory","level":2,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781062241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899269","display_name":"Political repression","level":3,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.56201/jlgp.vol.10.no5.2025.pg1.11","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/jlgp.vol.10.no5.2025.pg1.11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56201/jlgp.vol.10.no5.2025.pg1.11","pdf_url":"https://iiardjournals.org/get/JLGP/VOL. 10 NO. 5 2025/Normalization Versus Criminalization 1-11.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387292238","display_name":"JOURNAL OF LAW AND GLOBAL POLICY","issn_l":"2579-051X","issn":["2579-051X","2695-2424"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JOURNAL OF LAW AND GLOBAL POLICY","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.56201/jlgp.vol.10.no5.2025.pg1.11","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/jlgp.vol.10.no5.2025.pg1.11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56201/jlgp.vol.10.no5.2025.pg1.11","pdf_url":"https://iiardjournals.org/get/JLGP/VOL. 10 NO. 5 2025/Normalization Versus Criminalization 1-11.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387292238","display_name":"JOURNAL OF LAW AND GLOBAL POLICY","issn_l":"2579-051X","issn":["2579-051X","2695-2424"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JOURNAL OF LAW AND GLOBAL POLICY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220698656.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220698656.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965278510","https://openalex.org/W2481634360","https://openalex.org/W3123282572","https://openalex.org/W4392973743","https://openalex.org/W4398133857","https://openalex.org/W4399253959","https://openalex.org/W4401805776","https://openalex.org/W4414005345"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3128184466","https://openalex.org/W3038780521","https://openalex.org/W7124691461","https://openalex.org/W4385191829","https://openalex.org/W7155721419","https://openalex.org/W3195729113","https://openalex.org/W7203754424","https://openalex.org/W4411872252","https://openalex.org/W7131222089","https://openalex.org/W7161766350"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,66,113,237],"examined":[2],"the":[3,26,65,71,103,200,214,227,265],"dynamics":[4],"of":[5,9,44,107,174,181,260,270],"normalization":[6,45],"versus":[7],"criminalization":[8,54,254],"bureaucratic":[10,31,75,151,162,189,242],"corruption":[11,32,76,163,190,243],"and":[12,16,20,84,88,90,97,130,147,164,177,202,232,249,267,278],"kickbacks":[13,108,165],"in":[14,82,109,160,183,281],"Nigeria":[15,83],"China":[17,51,85],"between":[18,86,229],"2015":[19,87],"2025.":[21],"The":[22,112,236],"problem":[23],"emerged":[24],"from":[25,125,139],"contrasting":[27],"institutional":[28,95,131,140,234,247,261,268],"responses":[29],"to":[30,69,73,92,142,274],"across":[33],"different":[34,154],"governance":[35],"systems":[36],"where":[37],"Nigeria\u2019s":[38,240,271],"public":[39,184,279],"sector":[40],"exhibited":[41],"a":[42,178],"pattern":[43],"through":[46,169,194],"entrenched":[47],"informal":[48,148],"practices,":[49],"while":[50,252],"pursued":[52],"systematic":[53],"within":[55],"its":[56,218],"centralized":[57,210],"political":[58,98,155,230],"framework.":[59],"Guided":[60],"by":[61,246],"two":[62],"research":[63,119],"objectives,":[64],"sought:":[67],"(1)":[68],"investigate":[70],"extent":[72],"which":[74,205],"has":[77],"been":[78],"normalized":[79,168],"or":[80,105],"criminalized":[81,193],"2025;":[89],"(2)":[91],"assess":[93],"how":[94,144],"mechanisms":[96],"accountability":[99],"structures":[100],"have":[101],"shaped":[102],"persistence":[104],"reduction":[106],"both":[110],"countries.":[111],"employed":[114],"an":[115,257],"ex":[116],"post":[117],"facto":[118],"design,":[120],"utilizing":[121],"qualitative":[122],"secondary":[123],"data":[124],"scholarly":[126],"literature,":[127],"government":[128],"documents,":[129],"reports.":[132],"Data":[133],"were":[134,166],"analyzed":[135],"thematically,":[136],"drawing":[137],"insights":[138],"theory":[141],"explain":[143],"formal":[145],"rules":[146],"norms":[149],"influenced":[150],"behavior":[152],"under":[153,213],"regimes.":[156],"Findings":[157],"revealed":[158],"that":[159,239],"Nigeria,":[161],"largely":[167],"weak":[170],"enforcement":[171],"systems,":[172],"politicization":[173],"anti-corruption":[175,223],"institutions,":[176],"pervasive":[179],"culture":[180],"rent-seeking":[182],"administration.":[185],"In":[186],"contrast,":[187],"China\u2019s":[188,221,253],"was":[191,244],"vigorously":[192],"high-profile":[195],"anti-graft":[196],"campaigns":[197],"such":[198],"as":[199],"\u201cTigers":[201],"Flies\u201d":[203],"initiative,":[204],"reinforced":[206],"deterrence":[207],"but":[208],"also":[209],"disciplinary":[211],"power":[212],"Communist":[215],"Party.":[216],"Despite":[217],"relative":[219],"success,":[220],"top-down":[222],"approach":[224],"occasionally":[225],"blurred":[226],"line":[228],"control":[231],"genuine":[233],"accountability.":[235],"concluded":[238],"persistent":[241],"sustained":[245],"fragility":[248],"elite":[250],"complicity,":[251],"strategy":[255],"reflected":[256],"authoritarian":[258],"form":[259],"discipline.":[262],"It":[263],"recommended":[264],"depoliticization":[266],"strengthening":[269],"anticorruption":[272],"agencies":[273],"enhance":[275],"credibility,":[276],"enforcement,":[277],"trust":[280],"governance.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00"}
