{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220694303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.05229","title":"Integrated robust universal linear optics based on white-boxed multi-plane light conversion","display_name":"Integrated robust universal linear optics based on white-boxed multi-plane light conversion","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220694303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.05229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.05229","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.05229","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.05229","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.05229","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011765589","display_name":"Xinyu Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3861-1320","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3861-1320"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song, Xin-Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157671214","display_name":"Lan-Tian Feng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng, Lan-Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157728802","display_name":"Pan Gong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39774598","display_name":"Hefei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5rdf64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39774598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gong, Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hefei Guizhen Chip Technologies Co., Ltd. , Hefei 230000 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hefei Guizhen Chip Technologies Co., Ltd. , Hefei 230000 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39774598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157672087","display_name":"Yu-Yang Ding","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39774598","display_name":"Hefei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5rdf64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39774598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding, Yu-Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hefei Guizhen Chip Technologies Co., Ltd. , Hefei 230000 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hefei Guizhen Chip Technologies Co., Ltd. , Hefei 230000 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39774598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106036774","display_name":"Guo G","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3771-9185","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3771-9185","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-9507"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo, Guang-Can","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157779745","display_name":"Xi-Feng Ren","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren, Xi-Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.7695000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.7695000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.15449999272823334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.012600000016391277,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-plane-light-conversion","display_name":"multi-plane light conversion","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon-photonics","display_name":"silicon photonics","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directional-coupler","display_name":"directional coupler","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-reservoir-computing","display_name":"quantum reservoir computing","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwritten-digit-recognition","display_name":"handwritten digit recognition","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fabrication-robustness","display_name":"fabrication robustness","score":0.7020000219345093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.6424999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49070000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3822999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67820243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179164","display_name":"Unitary state","level":2,"score":0.36959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183992945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495574","display_name":"Universality (dynamical systems)","level":2,"score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3605000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68717125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735602","display_name":"Quantum optics","level":2,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.33959999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19819980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947542","display_name":"Beam splitter","level":3,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984692560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523846","display_name":"Integrated optics","level":2,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148204187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176541","display_name":"Optical computing","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987822364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122216","display_name":"Quantum information processing","level":3,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17349429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049914","display_name":"Matrix multiplication","level":3,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119423029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3749103","display_name":"Silicon photonics","level":3,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22984246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269058","display_name":"Quantum imaging","level":5,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58849907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2118982","display_name":"Quantum gate","level":4,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139352143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82571","display_name":"Linear algebra","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.05229","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.05229","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.05229","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.05229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.05229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.05229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.05229","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.05229","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.05229","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1779944556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZD0303200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G315014474","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZD0303200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3839325396","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62435009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5813948280","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZD0301500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6459869276","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62275240","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6942622317","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZD0301500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G716120773","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZD0301500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7956824099","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFA1204704","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8874519857","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZD0301500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325599","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220694303.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220694303.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226084288","https://openalex.org/W4386766677","https://openalex.org/W7077051512","https://openalex.org/W7212082335","https://openalex.org/W3082227039","https://openalex.org/W4367608620","https://openalex.org/W4311448111","https://openalex.org/W4214515184","https://openalex.org/W7138891846","https://openalex.org/W7221838640"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"integrated":[1,121],"universal":[2,123],"linear":[3,124],"optical":[4],"processor":[5,53],"realized":[6],"via":[7],"multi-plane":[8],"light":[9],"conversion":[10],"(MPLC)":[11],"features":[12],"low":[13],"hardware":[14,134],"complexity":[15],"and":[16,36,45,60,68,92,95,110,126,137],"high":[17],"fabrication":[18],"robustness,":[19,78],"suitable":[20],"for":[21,114,130,135],"diverse":[22],"photonic":[23,52,139],"processing":[24],"tasks.":[25],"However,":[26],"the":[27,77,128],"lack":[28],"of":[29,55,71,89],"validated":[30],"calibration":[31,43],"protocols":[32],"limits":[33],"its":[34,81],"universality":[35,82],"potential.":[37],"Here,":[38],"we":[39,79,104],"propose":[40],"a":[41],"machine-learning-based":[42],"method":[44],"verify":[46],"it":[47],"using":[48],"an":[49],"eight-mode":[50],"silicon":[51],"composed":[54],"interleaved":[56],"multiport":[57],"directional":[58],"couplers":[59],"phase-shifter":[61,98],"arrays.":[62],"We":[63],"characterize":[64],"coupler":[65],"transfer":[66],"matrices":[67,86],"current-phase":[69],"responses":[70],"individual":[72],"phase":[73],"shifters.":[74],"To":[75],"validate":[76],"demonstrate":[80,106],"with":[83],"Haar-random":[84],"unitary":[85],"at":[87],"wavelengths":[88],"1500,":[90],"1550,":[91],"1580":[93],"nm,":[94],"under":[96],"partial":[97],"deactivation.":[99],"With":[100],"this":[101],"white-boxed":[102],"device,":[103],"also":[105],"high-dimensional":[107],"quantum":[108,111,138],"gates":[109],"reservoir":[112],"computing":[113],"handwritten":[115],"digit":[116],"classification.":[117],"Our":[118],"work":[119],"advances":[120],"MPLC-based":[122],"optics":[125],"paves":[127],"way":[129],"large-scale,":[131],"fabrication-robust,":[132],"broadband":[133],"classical":[136],"information":[140],"processing.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00"}