{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220690704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.03881","title":"The Virgo Cluster as a Case Study for Ancient Cosmic Ray Halos in Radio and X-rays","display_name":"The Virgo Cluster as a Case Study for Ancient Cosmic Ray Halos in Radio and X-rays","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220690704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.03881"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.03881","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.03881","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.03881","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.03881","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038938655","display_name":"Philip F. Hopkins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3729-1684","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3729-1684"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hopkins, Philip F.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA 91125 , USA and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA 91125 , USA and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015635839","display_name":"Emily M. Silich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1616-5649","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1616-5649"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silich, Emily M.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA 91125 , USA and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA 91125 , USA and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083570343","display_name":"Jack Sayers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8213-3784","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8213-3784"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sayers, Jack","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA 91125 , USA and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA 91125 , USA and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017888971","display_name":"Sam B. Ponnada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7484-2695","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7484-2695"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ponnada, Sam B.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astrophysical Sciences , Princeton University , Princeton , NJ 08544 , USA","Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA 91125 , USA and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astrophysical Sciences , Princeton University , Princeton , NJ 08544 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA 91125 , USA and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088717435","display_name":"Isabel S. Sands","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1159-4882","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1159-4882"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sands, Isabel S.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA 91125 , USA and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA 91125 , USA and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.8442000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.8442000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.10249999910593033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10744","display_name":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","score":0.041200000792741776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virgo-cluster","display_name":"Virgo cluster","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/m87","display_name":"M87","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cool-core-clusters","display_name":"cool-core clusters","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmic-ray-halo","display_name":"cosmic ray halo","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmic-ray-pressure","display_name":"cosmic ray pressure","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-halos","display_name":"radio halos","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/faraday-effect","display_name":"Faraday rotation","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"magnetic field","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-compton-scattering","display_name":"inverse Compton scattering","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmic-ray-energy-spectrum","display_name":"cosmic ray energy spectrum","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perseus-cluster","display_name":"Perseus cluster","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intracluster-medium","display_name":"intracluster medium","score":0.4090000092983246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184665706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186310","display_name":"Halo","level":3,"score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207297109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15605","display_name":"Cosmic microwave background","level":3,"score":0.5687000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207230154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848501","display_name":"Faraday effect","level":3,"score":0.5565999746322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75776270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54284","display_name":"ROSAT","level":3,"score":0.5365999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.49950000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.45249998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178635117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747499","display_name":"RADIUS","level":2,"score":0.4465000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111309251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11547","display_name":"Cosmic ray","level":2,"score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100893083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540949","display_name":"Intracluster medium","level":4,"score":0.43220001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777702402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7281159","display_name":"Radio halo","level":4,"score":0.4196999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156055797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204107","display_name":"Galaxy cluster","level":3,"score":0.4072999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73329638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527","display_name":"Sky","level":2,"score":0.3971000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.39410001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125857072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16744","display_name":"Star formation","level":3,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99465377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217030","display_name":"Metallicity","level":3,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780740289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519204","display_name":"Sunyaev\u2013Zel'dovich effect","level":4,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20249676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217012","display_name":"Radio galaxy","level":3,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778042045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271818","display_name":"Virgo Cluster","level":4,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61203554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171516","display_name":"Compton scattering","level":3,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62796785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12902765","display_name":"Cosmic background radiation","level":4,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42061751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2280060","display_name":"Spectral index","level":3,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63585750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488","display_name":"Spiral galaxy","level":3,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168110828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626","display_name":"Spectral density","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48387981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631379","display_name":"Galactic halo","level":4,"score":0.2605000138282776}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.03881","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.03881","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.03881","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.03881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.03881","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.03881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.03881","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.03881","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.03881","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220690704.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220690704.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W172584613","https://openalex.org/W2085094651","https://openalex.org/W2289658139","https://openalex.org/W4407964890","https://openalex.org/W4410111237","https://openalex.org/W4413008324","https://openalex.org/W4413293883","https://openalex.org/W4413436543","https://openalex.org/W4413724844","https://openalex.org/W4416652339","https://openalex.org/W4417502264","https://openalex.org/W7111415691","https://openalex.org/W7127095848","https://openalex.org/W7160923510"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079723398","https://openalex.org/W2045579433","https://openalex.org/W6927671578","https://openalex.org/W7127095848","https://openalex.org/W6987082248","https://openalex.org/W7101149353","https://openalex.org/W7100457560","https://openalex.org/W4417147325","https://openalex.org/W2138270306","https://openalex.org/W1598081119"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Virgo":[0],"is":[1,10,49,54,79],"the":[2,13,20,45,75,89,112,117,120,129,142,158,170,186,200,218],"nearest":[3],"cool":[4],"core":[5],"(CC)":[6],"galaxy":[7],"cluster,":[8],"and":[9,37,66,68,81,104,132,144,164,168],"archetypal":[11],"of":[12,15,32,58,139],"class":[14],"X-ray":[16,21,103,134,165,171,188],"weak":[17],"CCs.":[18],"Despite":[19],"continuum":[22],"implying":[23],"a":[24,55,137,205,221],"large":[25],"cooling":[26,43,166,173],"rate":[27,174],"($\\gtrsim":[28],"10\\,{\\rm":[29],"M_{\\odot}\\,yr^{-1}}$),":[30],"measurements":[31],"cooler":[33],"gas":[34,143],"phases,":[35],"dust,":[36],"star":[38],"formation":[39],"show":[40,154],"almost":[41],"no":[42],"outside":[44,229],"M87":[46,76],"nucleus.":[47],"It":[48],"also":[50,183],"known":[51],"that":[52,74,101],"M87$^{\\ast}$":[53],"prodigious":[56],"source":[57],"cosmic":[59],"ray":[60],"(CR)":[61],"leptons":[62],"observed":[63],"in":[64],"radio":[65,70,77,105],"$\u03b3$-rays,":[67],"recent":[69],"observations":[71,219],"have":[72],"shown":[73],"halo":[78],"low-frequency":[80],"its":[82],"spectral":[83],"index":[84],"steepens":[85],"rapidly":[86],"away":[87],"from":[88,232],"injection":[90],"region+jets,":[91],"consistent":[92],"with":[93],"an":[94],"aging,":[95],"low-energy":[96],"CR":[97,224],"population.":[98],"We":[99,153],"demonstrate":[100],"coupling":[102],"to":[106,128,151,195,199,209],"newer":[107],"Faraday":[108],"rotation":[109],"limits":[110],"on":[111],"magnetic":[113],"field,":[114],"this":[115,155],"implies":[116],"CRs":[118],"within":[119],"CC":[121],"radius":[122],"($\\lesssim":[123],"40$kpc)":[124],"must":[125],"contribute":[126],"significantly":[127],"total":[130],"pressure":[131],"soft":[133],"emission,":[135],"through":[136],"combination":[138],"Coulomb":[140],"heating":[141],"inverse-Compton":[145],"(IC)":[146],"scattering":[147],"microwave":[148],"background":[149],"photons":[150],"$\\sim$keV.":[152],"can":[156],"explain":[157,184],"apparent":[159],"correspondence":[160],"between":[161],"jet/radio":[162],"power":[163],"luminosity,":[167],"why":[169,185],"inferred":[172,189,202],"appears":[175,194],"much":[176],"larger":[177],"than":[178],"otherwise":[179],"observed.":[180],"This":[181],"would":[182],"central":[187],"metallicity":[190,203],"at":[191],"$\\lesssim":[192],"10\\,$kpc":[193],"be":[196],"suppressed":[197],"relative":[198],"UV/optical":[201],"(in":[204],"wavelength-dependent":[206],"manner).":[207],"Compared":[208],"more":[210],"extreme":[211],"radio+X-ray":[212],"sources":[213],"like":[214],"Perseus,":[215],"we":[216],"find":[217],"require":[220],"softer":[222],"'escaping'":[223],"spectrum":[225],"(escaping":[226],"or":[227],"accelerated":[228],"$\\gtrsim":[230],"1\\,$kpc":[231],"M87$^{\\ast}$).":[233]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00"}
