{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220672897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.06618","title":"Heterodyne-Enhanced Sensing of Cavity Mode Spacing","display_name":"Heterodyne-Enhanced Sensing of Cavity Mode Spacing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220672897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.06618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.06618","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.06618","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.06618","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.06618","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030362368","display_name":"Aaron Spector","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6575-8192","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6575-8192"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801876189","display_name":"Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY","ror":"https://ror.org/01js2sh04","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2801876189"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Spector, Aaron D.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , 22603 Hamburg , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , 22603 Hamburg , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801876189"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133543240","display_name":"Laura Roberts","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","display_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/0304hq317","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127646","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/03sry2h30","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210127646"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberts, Laura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover , 30167 Hannover , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover , 30167 Hannover , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103","https://openalex.org/I4210127646"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11449","display_name":"Mechanical and Optical Resonators","score":0.5175999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11449","display_name":"Mechanical and Optical Resonators","score":0.5175999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.08129999786615372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":0.0551999993622303,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterodyne-detection","display_name":"heterodyne detection","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-phase","display_name":"differential phase","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-mitigation","display_name":"noise mitigation","score":0.39899998903274536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5697000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57172181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6674010","display_name":"Longitudinal mode","level":3,"score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5365999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.47929999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4553000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.4336000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.40860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8590192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054694","display_name":"Frequency response","level":2,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187725362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830521","display_name":"Q factor","level":3,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187612029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17083130","display_name":"Noise floor","level":4,"score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204517386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310795","display_name":"Relative intensity noise","level":4,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778465081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275356","display_name":"Differential phase","level":3,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989223519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349669","display_name":"Resonant cavity","level":3,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96834759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750463","display_name":"Phase modulation","level":3,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190269828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6856168","display_name":"Optical cavity","level":3,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121477167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17154002","display_name":"Semiconductor laser theory","level":3,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.06618","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.06618","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.06618","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.06618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.06618","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.06618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.06618","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.06618","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.06618","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3012466610","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"390833306","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323381","funder_display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3129066592","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PIF-2022-18","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323381","funder_display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3681104973","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WI 1643/2-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G432818845","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EXC2121","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5118578286","display_name":"ALPS II: Commissioning and Data Taking","funder_award_id":"2110705","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5417142158","display_name":"Enrico Fermi Fellowships – Cross-training in theoretical and experimental fundamental science","funder_award_id":"63132","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306193","funder_display_name":"John Templeton Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6534617469","display_name":"Any Light Particle Searches (ALPS)","funder_award_id":"1802006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7298742525","display_name":"EXC 2121: Quantum Universe","funder_award_id":"390833306","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306193","display_name":"John Templeton Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/035tnyy05"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323381","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334759","display_name":"Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron","ror":"https://ror.org/01js2sh04"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220672897.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220672897.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391801241","https://openalex.org/W1521469327","https://openalex.org/W4403171757","https://openalex.org/W1973172364","https://openalex.org/W2077207764","https://openalex.org/W2961075631","https://openalex.org/W4394781898","https://openalex.org/W2808850438","https://openalex.org/W2010426140","https://openalex.org/W2313097864"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Characterizing":[0],"the":[1,28,48,58,69,84,102],"frequencies":[2],"of":[3,12,25,34,74,86,99,120],"resonant":[4,44],"modes":[5,33],"is":[6],"critical":[7],"to":[8,46,68,82,96,108],"a":[9,20,35,97],"wide":[10],"variety":[11],"experimental":[13],"applications.":[14],"In":[15],"this":[16],"work":[17],"we":[18,79],"demonstrate":[19],"heterodyne-enhanced":[21],"sensing":[22],"scheme":[23],"capable":[24],"precisely":[26],"measuring":[27,61],"frequency":[29,103],"spacing":[30],"between":[31,52],"longitudinal":[32],"19":[36],"m":[37],"optical":[38],"cavity.":[39],"The":[40],"technique":[41],"utilizes":[42],"two":[43,118],"lasers":[45],"sense":[47],"differential":[49],"phase":[50],"accumulated":[51],"them":[53],"as":[54],"they":[55],"propagate":[56],"through":[57],"cavity":[59,70],"by":[60,94,116],"their":[62,66],"interference":[63],"beatnote":[64],"before":[65],"injection":[67],"and":[71],"in":[72,88,92,101],"transmission":[73],"it.":[75],"With":[76],"these":[77],"measurements":[78],"were":[80],"able":[81],"mitigate":[83],"effects":[85],"noise":[87],"our":[89],"control":[90],"loops":[91],"post-processing":[93],"up":[95],"factor":[98],"30":[100],"range":[104],"from":[105],"1":[106],"mHz":[107],"100":[109],"Hz":[110],"while":[111],"suppressing":[112],"injected":[113],"calibration":[114],"signals":[115],"over":[117],"orders":[119],"magnitude.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00"}