{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220668182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x56v4d","title":"Bottom-up estimation of CO2 emissions from container ships: a proof of concept using real operational data on the Brazil\u2013Asia route","display_name":"Bottom-up estimation of CO2 emissions from container ships: a proof of concept using real operational data on the Brazil\u2013Asia route","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220668182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x56v4d"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31223/x56v4d","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x56v4d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x56v4d","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15371/download/26674/","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15371/download/26674/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015976203","display_name":"Walter Teixeira Lima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9423-3854","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9423-3854"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88273585","display_name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02k5swt12","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88273585"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walter Lima Junior","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP) , Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9423-3854","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP) , Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88273585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054197960","display_name":"Rudinei Andr\u00e9 Welter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88273585","display_name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02k5swt12","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88273585"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rudinei Welter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP) , Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP) , Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88273585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062166397","display_name":"Thiago Mascarenhas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thiago Mascarenhas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP) , Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP) , Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157764663","display_name":"Marcos Silva","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcos Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157712834","display_name":"Andrew Lorimer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Lorimer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Datamar , Brazil","DatamarLab , Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Datamar , Brazil","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DatamarLab , Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12126","display_name":"Maritime Transport Emissions and Efficiency","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12126","display_name":"Maritime Transport Emissions and Efficiency","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container-ships","display_name":"container ships","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-emissions","display_name":"CO2 emissions","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottom-up-emission-estimates","display_name":"bottom-up emission estimation","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maritime-decarbonization","display_name":"maritime decarbonization","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-methanol","display_name":"e-methanol","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methane-slip","display_name":"methane slip","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-consumption","display_name":"fuel consumption","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-shipping","display_name":"greenhouse gas emissions from shipping","score":0.5559999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.7904000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5809000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32802771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443617","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","level":2,"score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.5627999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132943942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511","display_name":"Footprint","level":2,"score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188818383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5507281","display_name":"Fugitive emissions","level":3,"score":0.44679999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776720842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337883","display_name":"Emission inventory","level":3,"score":0.40059998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14034172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358333","display_name":"Liquefied natural gas","level":3,"score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68189081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748","display_name":"Fossil fuel","level":2,"score":0.38190001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509746633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898653","display_name":"Climate change mitigation","level":3,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018963415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16878425","display_name":"On board","level":2,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83516724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234173","display_name":"Ecological footprint","level":3,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.3346000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59427239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40858","display_name":"Natural gas","level":2,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37246793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93318","display_name":"Nautical mile","level":2,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777423268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3663116","display_name":"Energy balance","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516920438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37129","display_name":"Methane","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520301825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380170","display_name":"Energy conservation","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31223/x56v4d","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x56v4d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x56v4d","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15371/download/26674/","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:EA:id:15371","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15371/download/26674/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402614","display_name":"EarthArXiv (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EarthArXiv","raw_type":"PREPRINTS"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31223/x56v4d","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x56v4d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x56v4d","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15371/download/26674/","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.5769000053405762,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220668182.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220668182.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2910252156","https://openalex.org/W3023854532","https://openalex.org/W3092462671","https://openalex.org/W4281558178","https://openalex.org/W4293812890","https://openalex.org/W4296251457","https://openalex.org/W4353063215","https://openalex.org/W4362520907","https://openalex.org/W4366979712","https://openalex.org/W4379535794","https://openalex.org/W4381113374","https://openalex.org/W4387686484","https://openalex.org/W4390598493","https://openalex.org/W4392375437","https://openalex.org/W4399471921","https://openalex.org/W4401464129","https://openalex.org/W4405655816","https://openalex.org/W4411717476","https://openalex.org/W7117153158","https://openalex.org/W7118576179","https://openalex.org/W7122399795","https://openalex.org/W7122472965","https://openalex.org/W7122644802","https://openalex.org/W7125779986","https://openalex.org/W7131258325","https://openalex.org/W7131626661","https://openalex.org/W7135239282","https://openalex.org/W7163877504","https://openalex.org/W7164191280","https://openalex.org/W7166513225","https://openalex.org/W7168350009","https://openalex.org/W7203721344","https://openalex.org/W7204178984"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7150880354","https://openalex.org/W3176524976","https://openalex.org/W6986485193","https://openalex.org/W3166544485","https://openalex.org/W3217414715","https://openalex.org/W3119402982","https://openalex.org/W2067530023","https://openalex.org/W4392057378","https://openalex.org/W2093642348","https://openalex.org/W4385972645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Granular":[0],"quantification":[1],"of":[2,15,22,40,53,76,101,106,117,174,181,201,207,211],"greenhouse":[3],"gas":[4],"(GHG)":[5],"emissions":[6,54,105,159,189],"from":[7],"maritime":[8,212],"transport":[9],"matters":[10],"both":[11],"for":[12,19],"the":[13,20,23,41,56,64,73,92,95,130,133,167,179,199,205,208],"assessment":[14,200],"decarbonisation":[16,131,202],"strategies":[17],"and":[18,47,51,79,87,104,110,122,126,142,152,190,204],"attribution":[21],"carbon":[24,209],"footprint":[25,210],"to":[26,55,63,115],"logistics":[27,191],"flows.":[28],"This":[29],"study":[30],"proposes":[31],"a":[32,69,98,171,194],"bottom":[33],"up":[34],"approach":[35,60,156],"that":[36],"integrates":[37],"operational":[38],"reconstruction":[39],"voyage,":[42],"physical\u2013energy":[43],"modelling,":[44],"Tank-to-Wake":[45],"(TTW)":[46],"Well-to-Wake":[48],"(WTW)":[49],"assessment,":[50],"allocation":[52],"flows":[57,192],"carried.":[58],"The":[59,155,176],"was":[61],"applied":[62],"M/V":[65],"EVER":[66],"FAME":[67],"along":[68],"sequential":[70],"rotation":[71],"between":[72],"east":[74],"coast":[75],"South":[77],"America":[78],"Asia,":[80],"comprising":[81],"11":[82],"port":[83],"calls,":[84],"10":[85],"legs":[86],"13,913.3":[88],"nautical":[89],"miles.":[90],"Under":[91],"assumptions":[93],"adopted,":[94],"model":[96],"estimated":[97],"fuel":[99],"consumption":[100],"3,407.9":[102],"t":[103],"10,612":[107],"tCO2":[108],"TTW":[109],"12,741":[111],"tCO2eq":[112],"WTW,":[113],"corresponding":[114],"intensities":[116],"768":[118],"kgCO2/TEU,":[119],"counting":[120],"laden":[121],"empty":[123],"containers":[124],"together,":[125],"37.0":[127],"gCO2/TEU\u00b7km.":[128],"Among":[129],"scenarios,":[132],"largest":[134],"WTW":[135],"reductions":[136],"were":[137],"obtained":[138],"with":[139,149,170],"e-ammonia":[140],"(91.9%)":[141],"e-methanol":[143],"(72.0%),":[144],"whereas":[145],"LNG":[146],"performance":[147],"varied":[148],"engine":[150],"technology":[151],"methane":[153],"slip.":[154],"further":[157],"allocated":[158],"in":[160],"full":[161],"across":[162],"3,251":[163],"shipment":[164],"records,":[165],"preserving":[166],"voyage":[168],"balance":[169],"conservation":[172],"deviation":[173],"0.0000%.":[175],"results":[177],"demonstrate":[178],"feasibility":[180],"integrating":[182],"vessel":[183],"operating":[184],"conditions,":[185],"energy":[186],"consumption,":[187],"life-cycle":[188],"within":[193],"traceable":[195],"structure,":[196],"thereby":[197],"supporting":[198],"alternatives":[203],"measurement":[206],"transport.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00"}