{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220650600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3740855","title":"EtherVal: Smart Contract Decompiler Validation for the Ethereum Blockchain","display_name":"EtherVal: Smart Contract Decompiler Validation for the Ethereum Blockchain","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220650600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3740855"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3740855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3740855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3740855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3740855","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121968241","display_name":"Seongho Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-5744","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-5744"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seongho Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yonsei University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-5744","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yonsei University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101489113","display_name":"Yeonsoo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9437-4665","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9437-4665"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeonsoo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yonsei University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9437-4665","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yonsei University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079306781","display_name":"Xiaowen Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4577-3360","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4577-3360"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowen Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sydney"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4577-3360","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140657328","display_name":"Junhao Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2954-4169","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2954-4169"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junhao Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yonsei University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2954-4169","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yonsei University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084068260","display_name":"Bernhard Scholz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7672-7359","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7672-7359"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernhard Scholz","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sydney"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7672-7359","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012072107","display_name":"Bernd Burgstaller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0374-8853","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0374-8853"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernd Burgstaller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yonsei University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0374-8853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yonsei University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78264642,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"156846","last_page":"156876"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethereum-smart-contracts","display_name":"Ethereum smart contracts","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bytecode","display_name":"bytecode","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-equivalence","display_name":"semantic equivalence","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/execution-context","display_name":"execution context","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-cost","display_name":"gas cost","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"static analysis","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain-security","display_name":"blockchain security","score":0.38199999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8212000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6675999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.5178999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.44760000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110406131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41349","display_name":"Smart card","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.24539999663829803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3740855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3740855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3740855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7f90d12278fb4061bce88d742ae167fe","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7f90d12278fb4061bce88d742ae167fe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 156846-156876 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3740855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3740855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3740855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509843845","https://openalex.org/W1605034451","https://openalex.org/W1973012451","https://openalex.org/W1982205631","https://openalex.org/W2001602611","https://openalex.org/W2114869486","https://openalex.org/W2147826933","https://openalex.org/W2170737051","https://openalex.org/W2589660059","https://openalex.org/W2595976459","https://openalex.org/W2741068848","https://openalex.org/W2755935712","https://openalex.org/W2767373589","https://openalex.org/W2790631818","https://openalex.org/W2795422216","https://openalex.org/W2808452017","https://openalex.org/W2846896781","https://openalex.org/W2885936017","https://openalex.org/W2898569715","https://openalex.org/W2905937334","https://openalex.org/W2945325946","https://openalex.org/W2950294262","https://openalex.org/W2955447707","https://openalex.org/W2963594166","https://openalex.org/W2981088827","https://openalex.org/W3011992028","https://openalex.org/W3025121615","https://openalex.org/W3033606455","https://openalex.org/W3034136313","https://openalex.org/W3043236449","https://openalex.org/W3043641306","https://openalex.org/W3088323786","https://openalex.org/W3091620507","https://openalex.org/W3107814273","https://openalex.org/W3112215678","https://openalex.org/W3136690412","https://openalex.org/W3207304130","https://openalex.org/W3214421193","https://openalex.org/W4205689130","https://openalex.org/W4221106574","https://openalex.org/W4225143755","https://openalex.org/W4226292196","https://openalex.org/W4281659951","https://openalex.org/W4285490421","https://openalex.org/W4288057809","https://openalex.org/W4293452506","https://openalex.org/W4311795476","https://openalex.org/W4312989206","https://openalex.org/W4318562169","https://openalex.org/W4365808189","https://openalex.org/W4376606870","https://openalex.org/W4382203557","https://openalex.org/W4393307116","https://openalex.org/W4396941524","https://openalex.org/W4399852696","https://openalex.org/W4409985231","https://openalex.org/W4411337873"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2955447707","https://openalex.org/W4414684280","https://openalex.org/W7172496230","https://openalex.org/W4322765894","https://openalex.org/W4225143755","https://openalex.org/W4411523117","https://openalex.org/W4411450279","https://openalex.org/W3137846283","https://openalex.org/W6946486025","https://openalex.org/W3024782801"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ethereum":[0,43,72,91],"smart":[1,16,171,192],"contracts":[2,17,172],"manage":[3],"valuable":[4],"assets,":[5],"making":[6],"them":[7],"a":[8,30,56,66,99,135,190],"prime":[9],"focus":[10],"for":[11,26,58,70],"analysis":[12,237],"and":[13,151,216],"testing.":[14],"Because":[15,74],"are":[18,24],"deployed":[19],"as":[20,55,122],"low-level":[21,118],"bytecode,":[22],"decompilers":[23],"essential":[25],"translating":[27],"bytecode":[28,44,76,109,127],"into":[29],"higher-level":[31],"representation":[32],"that":[33,232],"is":[34,45,77,95],"amenable":[35],"to":[36,53,137,173,184],"static":[37,59,236],"analysis.":[38],"Although":[39],"the":[40,71,102,107,111,123,139,166,185,196,201,213,219,223],"decompilation":[41],"of":[42,85,101,106,126,169,189,200,206,212,218,222],"an":[46],"undecidable":[47],"problem,":[48],"it":[49],"must":[50],"be":[51],"semantics-preserving":[52],"serve":[54],"basis":[57],"analyses.":[60],"We":[61,177],"propose":[62],"$\\textsf":[63,144,163,179,208],"{EtherVal}$":[64,145,164,180,209],",":[65],"decompiler":[67,230],"validation":[68,188],"framework":[69],"blockchain.":[73],"decompiled":[75,87,112],"inherently":[78],"non-executable,":[79],"we":[80],"devise":[81],"execution":[82,156],"contexts":[83],"capable":[84],"re-executing":[86],"code":[88,115],"on":[89,134],"historical":[90],"transactions.":[92],"Semantic":[93],"equivalence":[94],"decided":[96],"by":[97],"equivalence-modulo-inputs,":[98],"comparison":[100],"transaction":[103],"side":[104,167],"effect":[105],"original":[108],"vs.":[110],"code.":[113],"Decompiled":[114],"abstracts":[116],"away":[117],"semantic":[119,141,175],"details":[120],"such":[121],"gas":[124],"cost":[125],"instructions.":[128],"Faithful":[129],"re-execution":[130],"thus":[131],"critically":[132],"depends":[133],"mechanism":[136],"re-supply":[138],"missing":[140],"information,":[142],"which":[143],"achieves":[146],"through":[147],"offline":[148],"trace":[149],"collection":[150],"dynamic":[152],"analyses":[153],"within":[154],"its":[155],"contexts.":[157],"For":[158],"transactions":[159,199],"with":[160,181],"cross-contract":[161],"calls,":[162],"isolates":[165],"effects":[168],"individual":[170],"decide":[174],"equivalence.":[176],"employ":[178],"Gigahorse,":[182],"amounting":[183],"first":[186],"blockchain-scale":[187],"state-of-the-art":[191],"contract":[193],"decompiler.":[194,225],"From":[195],"7.467":[197],"billion":[198],"initial":[202],"20":[203],"million":[204],"blocks":[205],"Ethereum,":[207],"validates":[210],"67%":[211],"three-address":[214],"code,":[215],"44%":[217],"high-level":[220],"substrate":[221],"Gigahorse":[224],"Our":[226],"investigation":[227],"helped":[228],"close":[229],"bugs":[231],"could":[233],"cause":[234],"incorrect":[235],"results.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00"}
