{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220465620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/100772","title":"A Patient Simulation Framework for Risk Assessment of Conversational Health Care AI: Development and Evaluation Study","display_name":"A Patient Simulation Framework for Risk Assessment of Conversational Health Care AI: Development and Evaluation Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220465620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/100772","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42832766","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13638073"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2196/100772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/100772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/100772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387286577","display_name":"JMIR AI","issn_l":"2817-1705","issn":["2817-1705"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/100772","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011285050","display_name":"Md. Tanvir Rouf Shawon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5571-8632","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5571-8632"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md Tanvir Rouf Shawon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Nguyen Engineering Building, 4511 Patriot Cir, Fairfax, VA, 22032, United States, 1 571-663-5183"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5571-8632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Nguyen Engineering Building, 4511 Patriot Cir, Fairfax, VA, 22032, United States, 1 571-663-5183","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072474310","display_name":"Mohammad Sabik Irbaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8629-107X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8629-107X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Sabik Irbaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Sciences and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8629-107X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Sciences and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117862538","display_name":"Hadeel R A Elyazori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0540-8231","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0540-8231"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadeel R A Elyazori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Sciences and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0540-8231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Sciences and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125985291","display_name":"Keerti Reddy Resapu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9837-3115","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9837-3115"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keerti Reddy Resapu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Administration and Policy, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9837-3115","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Administration and Policy, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125980594","display_name":"Yili Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6771-5911","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6771-5911"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yili Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Administration and Policy, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6771-5911","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Administration and Policy, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125888498","display_name":"Vladimir Franzuela Cardenas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6731-5827","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6731-5827"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir Franzuela Cardenas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Administration and Policy, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6731-5827","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Administration and Policy, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116623864","display_name":"K. Pierre Eklou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5242-2991","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5242-2991"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K Pierre Eklou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Nursing, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5242-2991","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040056327","display_name":"Farrokh Alemi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7402-9063","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7402-9063"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farrokh Alemi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Administration and Policy, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7402-9063","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Administration and Policy, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060395338","display_name":"Kevin Lybarger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5798-2664","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5798-2664"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Lybarger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Sciences and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5798-2664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Sciences and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011285050"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2316,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76789622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"e100772","last_page":"e100772"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-simulation","display_name":"patient simulation","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversational-ai","display_name":"conversational AI","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-risk-management","display_name":"AI risk management","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist-ai-risk-management-framework","display_name":"NIST AI Risk Management Framework","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-literacy","display_name":"health literacy","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/major-depressive-disorder","display_name":"major depressive disorder","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antidepressant-selection","display_name":"antidepressant selection","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-decision-support","display_name":"clinical decision support","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-equity","display_name":"health equity","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-health-records","display_name":"electronic health records","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llm-evaluation","display_name":"LLM evaluation","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concept-based-retrieval","display_name":"concept-based retrieval","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-reduction","display_name":"risk mitigation","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/all-of-us-research-program","display_name":"All of Us","score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-annotator-agreement","display_name":"inter-annotator agreement","score":0.6050000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5404000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.49889999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.4918000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63527458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133829","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","level":3,"score":0.47029998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778843546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3097973","display_name":"Health literacy","level":3,"score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4072999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.4058000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59594135","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249242","display_name":"Decision model","level":2,"score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127627568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639361","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","level":2,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186116695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249226","display_name":"Decision analysis","level":2,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781050511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46994","display_name":"Telehealth","level":4,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80059220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7521302","display_name":"Simulated patient","level":2,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195910791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Medical record","level":2,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190954187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270587","display_name":"Dialog system","level":3,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21333345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519843","display_name":"Health technology","level":3,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778080475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4353774","display_name":"Health communication","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2196/100772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/100772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/100772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387286577","display_name":"JMIR AI","issn_l":"2817-1705","issn":["2817-1705"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13638073","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13638073/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13638073/pdf/ai-v5-e100772.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR AI","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42832766","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42832766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR AI","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2602.11391","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.11391","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.11391","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:77946cc5332445bcb98521978713a217","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/77946cc5332445bcb98521978713a217","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"JMIR AI, Vol 5, Pp e100772-e100772 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.11391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.11391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2196/100772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/100772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/100772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387286577","display_name":"JMIR AI","issn_l":"2817-1705","issn":["2817-1705"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306085","display_name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","ror":"https://ror.org/033jnv181"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308927","display_name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/014q65q44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309029","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220465620.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220465620.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":97,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79380076","https://openalex.org/W630833867","https://openalex.org/W1507711477","https://openalex.org/W1512303533","https://openalex.org/W1963511353","https://openalex.org/W1969776198","https://openalex.org/W2033933543","https://openalex.org/W2058971120","https://openalex.org/W2070482481","https://openalex.org/W2100772444","https://openalex.org/W2101761001","https://openalex.org/W2105099865","https://openalex.org/W2109636054","https://openalex.org/W2114613490","https://openalex.org/W2117132662","https://openalex.org/W2132322340","https://openalex.org/W2132324173","https://openalex.org/W2140910804","https://openalex.org/W2143017621","https://openalex.org/W2147122379","https://openalex.org/W2149402043","https://openalex.org/W2154053567","https://openalex.org/W2155441883","https://openalex.org/W2162493976","https://openalex.org/W2165626243","https://openalex.org/W2168490009","https://openalex.org/W2623779865","https://openalex.org/W2751687090","https://openalex.org/W2756936647","https://openalex.org/W2778067695","https://openalex.org/W2843010082","https://openalex.org/W2901954088","https://openalex.org/W2921914364","https://openalex.org/W2955268533","https://openalex.org/W2960753689","https://openalex.org/W2981869278","https://openalex.org/W2998216295","https://openalex.org/W3092301826","https://openalex.org/W3108610906","https://openalex.org/W3118999971","https://openalex.org/W3135015054","https://openalex.org/W3197926488","https://openalex.org/W4205170775","https://openalex.org/W4254865137","https://openalex.org/W4317748910","https://openalex.org/W4362474801","https://openalex.org/W4382753509","https://openalex.org/W4384561707","https://openalex.org/W4385381606","https://openalex.org/W4385754113","https://openalex.org/W4385894687","https://openalex.org/W4386765460","https://openalex.org/W4388955889","https://openalex.org/W4389518684","https://openalex.org/W4389523925","https://openalex.org/W4392552633","https://openalex.org/W4392669965","https://openalex.org/W4392964409","https://openalex.org/W4394686921","https://openalex.org/W4396598447","https://openalex.org/W4399197867","https://openalex.org/W4399454054","https://openalex.org/W4400079353","https://openalex.org/W4400243733","https://openalex.org/W4400665557","https://openalex.org/W4402867394","https://openalex.org/W4402901320","https://openalex.org/W4403795327","https://openalex.org/W4404404817","https://openalex.org/W4404782588","https://openalex.org/W4404792914","https://openalex.org/W4406327404","https://openalex.org/W4409283601","https://openalex.org/W4410745976","https://openalex.org/W4411119950","https://openalex.org/W4411184968","https://openalex.org/W4411542012","https://openalex.org/W4412072325","https://openalex.org/W4412888318","https://openalex.org/W4412929707","https://openalex.org/W4413242629","https://openalex.org/W4413748974","https://openalex.org/W4414167878","https://openalex.org/W4415276702","https://openalex.org/W4416526697","https://openalex.org/W4417453809","https://openalex.org/W4417501608","https://openalex.org/W6948200519","https://openalex.org/W7077872087","https://openalex.org/W7123937002","https://openalex.org/W7124131577","https://openalex.org/W7128909499","https://openalex.org/W7131791800","https://openalex.org/W7131803034","https://openalex.org/W7165759053","https://openalex.org/W7196962797","https://openalex.org/W7222797219"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7128795926","https://openalex.org/W7213878224","https://openalex.org/W7127540885","https://openalex.org/W4411416824","https://openalex.org/W7171710314","https://openalex.org/W4416074934","https://openalex.org/W7167899725","https://openalex.org/W7203619701","https://openalex.org/W7154315567","https://openalex.org/W6910372316"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Conversational":[1],"AI":[2,48,63,104,127,152,224,299,338,348],"systems":[3,64],"are":[4,77],"increasingly":[5],"being":[6],"deployed":[7],"in":[8,68,124,147,298,327,335,344,369],"health":[9,24,54,171,182,305,316,322,346],"care":[10,55,347],"for":[11,52,73,118,144,314,320,405],"clinical":[12,126,399],"decision":[13,142,153,225,300],"support,":[14],"but":[15],"their":[16],"performance":[17,122,302,342,367],"varies":[18],"substantially":[19],"across":[20,128,244,303],"patient":[21,90,133,234],"communication":[22],"styles,":[23],"literacy":[25,183,306,317,358],"levels,":[26],"and":[27,41,87,101,111,120,131,185,188,195,203,210,217,229,253,269],"behavioral":[28,132,190],"patterns.":[29],"Static":[30],"benchmarks":[31,351],"cannot":[32],"capture":[33],"multiturn":[34],"dynamics":[35],"through":[36,207],"which":[37,284],"this":[38],"variation":[39],"compounds,":[40],"no":[42],"current":[43],"evaluation":[44],"framework":[45,92,138,294,379,390],"implements":[46],"structured":[47],"risk":[49,174,363],"management":[50],"guidance":[51],"conversational":[53,125,141,345],"AI.":[56],"The":[57,156,233,293,378],"result":[58],"is":[59],"a":[60,89,140,181,211,361],"structural":[61,362],"risk:":[62],"may":[65],"perform":[66],"well":[67],"aggregate":[69],"while":[70],"failing":[71],"disproportionately":[72],"the":[74,96,137,223,276,280,304,336,372,389],"populations":[75],"they":[76],"intended":[78],"to":[79,85,139,289,318,397],"help.":[80],"Objective:":[81],"This":[82],"study":[83],"aimed":[84],"develop":[86],"validate":[88],"simulation":[91,333],"that":[93,349],"aligns":[94],"with":[95,239,247,324,353,365],"National":[97],"Institute":[98],"of":[99,168,279,375],"Standards":[100],"Technology":[102],"(NIST)":[103],"Risk":[105],"Management":[106],"Framework":[107],"(AI":[108],"RMF)":[109],"Map":[110],"Measure":[112],"functions,":[113],"providing":[114],"an":[115,403],"empirical":[116],"basis":[117],"identifying":[119],"characterizing":[121],"risks":[123,343],"medical,":[129],"linguistic,":[130],"variations.":[134],"We":[135,198],"applied":[136],"aid":[143,301],"antidepressant":[145,230,328,393],"selection":[146],"major":[148],"depressive":[149],"disorder":[150],"(the":[151],"aid).":[154],"Methods:":[155],"simulator":[157,235],"integrated":[158],"three":[159],"profile":[160,205],"dimensions:":[161],"(1)":[162],"medical":[163,237],"profiles":[164,179,191,261,271],"constructed":[165],"from":[166,312],"All":[167],"Us":[169],"electronic":[170],"records":[172],"using":[173],"ratio":[175],"gating;":[176],"(2)":[177],"linguistic":[178,270],"modeling":[180],"gradient":[184],"condition-specific":[186],"communication;":[187],"(3)":[189],"representing":[192],"cooperative,":[193],"distracted,":[194],"adversarial":[196],"engagement.":[197],"generated":[199],"500":[200],"simulated":[201],"conversations":[202],"evaluated":[204,388],"fidelity":[206,241],"human":[208,249,257],"annotation":[209],"large":[212],"language":[213],"model":[214],"(LLM)":[215],"judge,":[216],"then":[218],"assessed":[219],"downstream":[220],"effects":[221],"on":[222,392],"aid's":[226],"concept":[227,309],"retrieval":[228,310],"recommendations.":[231],"Results:":[232],"expressed":[236],"concepts":[238],"high":[240],"(96.6%":[242],"accuracy":[243],"8210":[245],"concepts),":[246],"substantial":[248,273,281],"interannotator":[250],"agreement":[251,255,274],"(\u03ba=0.73)":[252],"LLM-judge":[254],"against":[256],"annotators":[258],"(\u03ba=0.78).":[259],"Behavioral":[260],"were":[262],"reliably":[263],"distinguished":[264],"(\u03ba=0.93;":[265],"near":[266],"perfect":[267],"agreement),":[268],"showed":[272],"at":[275],"lower":[277],"bound":[278],"range":[282],"(\u03ba=0.61),":[283],"can":[285],"be":[286],"considered":[287],"adequate":[288],"support":[290],"profile-level":[291],"analysis.":[292],"revealed":[295],"monotonic":[296],"degradation":[297],"gradient.":[307],"Rank-1":[308],"increased":[311],"47.6%":[313],"limited":[315],"81.9%":[319],"proficient":[321],"literacy,":[323],"corresponding":[325],"declines":[326],"recommendation":[329],"accuracy.":[330],"Conclusions:":[331],"Patient":[332],"grounded":[334],"NIST":[337],"RMF":[339],"exposes":[340],"measurable":[341],"static":[350],"miss,":[352],"direct":[354],"equity":[355],"implications.":[356],"Health":[357],"operates":[359],"as":[360],"factor,":[364],"degraded":[366],"concentrated":[368],"patients":[370],"carrying":[371],"greatest":[373],"burden":[374],"psychiatric":[376],"illness.":[377],"supports":[380],"targeted":[381],"risk-mitigation":[382],"interventions":[383],"before":[384],"deployment.":[385],"While":[386],"we":[387],"only":[391],"selection,":[394],"extending":[395],"it":[396],"other":[398],"decision-aid":[400],"tasks":[401],"remains":[402],"assignment":[404],"future":[406],"work.":[407]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00"}