{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220464631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1907875","title":"The incretin-bone axis: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications","display_name":"The incretin-bone axis: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220464631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1907875","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42899073","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13678639"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1907875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1907875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1907875","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1907875/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597401208","display_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","issn_l":"1664-2392","issn":["1664-2392"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1907875/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117411664","display_name":"Andrea Muscar\u00e0","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0052-6362","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0052-6362"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Muscar\u00e0","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067862402","display_name":"Federica Bellone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0467-4921","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0467-4921"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Federica Bellone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072800739","display_name":"Michela Rossi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6844-6469","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6844-6469"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123352","display_name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02sy42d13","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123352","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michela Rossi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bone Physiopathology Research Unit, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics Research Division, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bone Physiopathology Research Unit, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics Research Division, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123352"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067862402"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43053905,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1907875","last_page":"1907875"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11219","display_name":"Bone Metabolism and Diseases","score":0.9067000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11219","display_name":"Bone Metabolism and Diseases","score":0.9067000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10071","display_name":"Bone health and osteoporosis research","score":0.09109999984502792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glucose-dependent-insulinotropic-polypeptide","display_name":"glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glucagon-like-peptide-1","display_name":"glucagon-like peptide-1","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-remodeling","display_name":"bone remodeling","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osteoblasts","display_name":"osteoblasts","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osteoclasts","display_name":"osteoclasts","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osteocytes","display_name":"osteocytes","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mesenchymal-stem-cells","display_name":"mesenchymal stem cells","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wnt-beta-catenin-signaling","display_name":"Wnt/\u03b2-catenin signaling","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/camp-pka-signaling","display_name":"cAMP/PKA signaling","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mapk-signaling","display_name":"MAPK signaling","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glp-1-receptor-agonists","display_name":"GLP-1 receptor agonists","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fracture-risk","display_name":"fracture risk","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-turnover-markers","display_name":"bone turnover markers","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-disorders","display_name":"metabolic disorders","score":0.5630000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778881409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420402","display_name":"Incretin","level":4,"score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170033053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q952019","display_name":"Bone remodeling","level":2,"score":0.538100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018667095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3455903","display_name":"Glucose homeostasis","level":4,"score":0.5148000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4438999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2107291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14886885","display_name":"Mediator","level":2,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46699223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11078","display_name":"Endocrine system","level":3,"score":0.41040000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776541429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165328","display_name":"Osteoporosis","level":2,"score":0.4049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62478195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130","display_name":"Signal transduction","level":2,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1008401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184681","display_name":"Anabolism","level":2,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778260815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917177","display_name":"Osteoblast","level":3,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63645605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103191","display_name":"Homeostasis","level":2,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781208988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202476","display_name":"Parathyroid hormone","level":3,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135285700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38173","display_name":"G protein-coupled receptor","level":3,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71315377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11364","display_name":"Hormone","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150555746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210973","display_name":"Cell signaling","level":3,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133605539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913236","display_name":"Bone cell","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001842","descriptor_name":"Bone and Bones","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005749","descriptor_name":"Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015398","descriptor_name":"Signal Transduction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016723","descriptor_name":"Bone Remodeling","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D052216","descriptor_name":"Glucagon-Like Peptide 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054795","descriptor_name":"Incretins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1907875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1907875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1907875","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1907875/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597401208","display_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","issn_l":"1664-2392","issn":["1664-2392"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13678639","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13678639/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13678639/pdf/fendo-17-1907875.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42899073","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42899073","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in endocrinology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:362c503f840c485590954df5aeba6740","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/362c503f840c485590954df5aeba6740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1907875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1907875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1907875","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1907875/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597401208","display_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","issn_l":"1664-2392","issn":["1664-2392"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9763000011444092,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321781","display_name":"Ministero della Salute","ror":"https://ror.org/00789fa95"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220464631.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220464631.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":109,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506638023","https://openalex.org/W1616724538","https://openalex.org/W1934495549","https://openalex.org/W1977995279","https://openalex.org/W1979288606","https://openalex.org/W1985564086","https://openalex.org/W2003496236","https://openalex.org/W2004409542","https://openalex.org/W2019593546","https://openalex.org/W2028053425","https://openalex.org/W2049587362","https://openalex.org/W2050866589","https://openalex.org/W2064367148","https://openalex.org/W2074501705","https://openalex.org/W2084948079","https://openalex.org/W2097415450","https://openalex.org/W2104630583","https://openalex.org/W2106036385","https://openalex.org/W2108403721","https://openalex.org/W2113229940","https://openalex.org/W2122391332","https://openalex.org/W2128979121","https://openalex.org/W2141260918","https://openalex.org/W2142414068","https://openalex.org/W2153152770","https://openalex.org/W2154325494","https://openalex.org/W2159205789","https://openalex.org/W2164965326","https://openalex.org/W2165703345","https://openalex.org/W2178760756","https://openalex.org/W2233932920","https://openalex.org/W2292679276","https://openalex.org/W2531652035","https://openalex.org/W2557504403","https://openalex.org/W2610568883","https://openalex.org/W2727111851","https://openalex.org/W2734500457","https://openalex.org/W2753022573","https://openalex.org/W2754041380","https://openalex.org/W2764059156","https://openalex.org/W2766290330","https://openalex.org/W2883640690","https://openalex.org/W2937718630","https://openalex.org/W2951518622","https://openalex.org/W2959854826","https://openalex.org/W2978840913","https://openalex.org/W2988918412","https://openalex.org/W2995094905","https://openalex.org/W3044102982","https://openalex.org/W3110705497","https://openalex.org/W3153534159","https://openalex.org/W3168460240","https://openalex.org/W3173364104","https://openalex.org/W3191712049","https://openalex.org/W3192976974","https://openalex.org/W3200443954","https://openalex.org/W3200615296","https://openalex.org/W3204384606","https://openalex.org/W3205201678","https://openalex.org/W4205925196","https://openalex.org/W4210292383","https://openalex.org/W4213437296","https://openalex.org/W4225015870","https://openalex.org/W4283694434","https://openalex.org/W4283767481","https://openalex.org/W4306681944","https://openalex.org/W4316369199","https://openalex.org/W4319870249","https://openalex.org/W4376273047","https://openalex.org/W4383876016","https://openalex.org/W4387165361","https://openalex.org/W4387296976","https://openalex.org/W4391691223","https://openalex.org/W4392045523","https://openalex.org/W4396631832","https://openalex.org/W4400001604","https://openalex.org/W4400256024","https://openalex.org/W4400259970","https://openalex.org/W4400735645","https://openalex.org/W4402541284","https://openalex.org/W4402728331","https://openalex.org/W4403315135","https://openalex.org/W4404197213","https://openalex.org/W4404733194","https://openalex.org/W4407858773","https://openalex.org/W4408244631","https://openalex.org/W4408294480","https://openalex.org/W4408536506","https://openalex.org/W4408597940","https://openalex.org/W4408750037","https://openalex.org/W4408950583","https://openalex.org/W4409096215","https://openalex.org/W4411096432","https://openalex.org/W4411347414","https://openalex.org/W4412817137","https://openalex.org/W4413106790","https://openalex.org/W4413912023","https://openalex.org/W4414708527","https://openalex.org/W4416121181","https://openalex.org/W4416770085","https://openalex.org/W4417220783","https://openalex.org/W7124451115","https://openalex.org/W7124468978","https://openalex.org/W7138902889","https://openalex.org/W7147201645","https://openalex.org/W7154948630","https://openalex.org/W7162655243","https://openalex.org/W7163692800","https://openalex.org/W7172527340"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4394957016","https://openalex.org/W2961895264","https://openalex.org/W2767073667","https://openalex.org/W2165703345","https://openalex.org/W2391391277","https://openalex.org/W2738020827","https://openalex.org/W7214768971","https://openalex.org/W2486259397","https://openalex.org/W2407668594","https://openalex.org/W4408294480"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Incretin":[0],"hormones,":[1],"primarily":[2],"glucose-dependent":[3],"insulinotropic":[4],"polypeptide":[5],"(GIP)":[6],"and":[7,18,58,74,86,102,113,128,150,161,181,194,207],"glucagon-like":[8],"peptide-1":[9],"(GLP-1),":[10],"are":[11],"key":[12,209],"regulators":[13],"of":[14,66,92,197,217],"postprandial":[15],"glucose":[16],"homeostasis":[17,123],"exert":[19,110],"pleiotropic":[20],"actions":[21,63],"beyond":[22],"pancreatic":[23],"\u03b2-cell":[24],"function.":[25],"Increasing":[26],"evidence":[27],"identifies":[28],"the":[29,75,90,192,212],"incretin":[30,46,94,198],"axis":[31,227],"as":[32],"a":[33,230],"critical":[34],"mediator":[35],"linking":[36],"nutrient":[37],"intake":[38],"to":[39,109,137,222],"skeletal":[40,122,179,235],"remodeling.":[41],"Preclinical":[42],"studies":[43],"demonstrate":[44],"that":[45],"signaling":[47,96],"influences":[48,121],"bone":[49,83,99,117,158],"turnover":[50,159],"through":[51,124],"coordinated":[52],"effects":[53,115,156],"on":[54,116,143,157,164,191],"osteoblasts,":[55],"osteoclasts,":[56],"osteocytes,":[57],"mesenchymal":[59],"stromal":[60],"cells.":[61],"These":[62],"involve":[64],"modulation":[65],"major":[67,168],"pathways,":[68],"including":[69,146],"cAMP/PKA,":[70],"MAPK,":[71],"Wnt/\u03b2-catenin":[72],"signaling,":[73],"RANK-L/OPG":[76],"axis,":[77],"ultimately":[78],"promoting":[79],"osteogenesis":[80],"while":[81],"suppressing":[82],"resorption.":[84],"Genetic":[85],"pharmacological":[87],"models":[88],"highlight":[89],"importance":[91],"intact":[93],"receptor":[95,148],"for":[97,233],"maintaining":[98],"mass,":[100],"microarchitecture,":[101],"matrix":[103],"quality.":[104],"In":[105],"particular,":[106],"GIP":[107],"appears":[108],"direct":[111,126,183],"anabolic":[112],"antiresorptive":[114],"cells,":[118],"whereas":[119],"GLP-1":[120,147],"both":[125],"mechanisms":[127,196],"indirect":[129],"endocrine":[130],"pathways.":[131],"Despite":[132],"robust":[133],"mechanistic":[134],"insights,":[135],"translation":[136],"clinical":[138,205],"settings":[139],"remains":[140],"challenging.":[141],"Studies":[142],"incretin-based":[144],"therapies,":[145],"agonists":[149],"dual":[151],"GIP/GLP-1":[152],"agonists,":[153],"report":[154],"heterogeneous":[155],"markers":[160],"inconclusive":[162],"outcomes":[163],"fracture":[165],"risk.":[166],"A":[167,214],"confounding":[169],"factor":[170],"is":[171,220],"therapy-induced":[172],"weight":[173],"loss,":[174],"which":[175],"may":[176,228],"negatively":[177],"impact":[178],"integrity":[180],"obscure":[182],"drug":[184],"effects.":[185],"This":[186],"review":[187],"integrates":[188],"current":[189],"knowledge":[190],"molecular":[193],"cellular":[195],"action":[199],"in":[200,211,237],"bone,":[201],"critically":[202],"examines":[203],"available":[204],"data,":[206],"highlights":[208],"gaps":[210],"field.":[213],"deeper":[215],"understanding":[216],"incretin-bone":[218],"interactions":[219],"essential":[221],"clarify":[223],"whether":[224],"targeting":[225],"this":[226],"represent":[229],"viable":[231],"strategy":[232],"preserving":[234],"health":[236],"metabolic":[238],"disease.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00"}