{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220450516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.26364160","title":"Latent Genetic Factors and Causal Pathways Linking Substance Use to Psychiatric and Personality Phenotypes: a Genomic SEM and Mendelian Randomization Study","display_name":"Latent Genetic Factors and Causal Pathways Linking Substance Use to Psychiatric and Personality Phenotypes: a Genomic SEM and Mendelian Randomization Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220450516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.26364160"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.28.26364160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.26364160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.26364160","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/05/2026.09.28.26364160.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/05/2026.09.28.26364160.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137824218","display_name":"Kaya C. van Grondelle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5817-1037","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5817-1037"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802928900","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03t4gr691","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kaya C. van Grondelle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5817-1037","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089190939","display_name":"Adri\u00e0 T\u00fanez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4208-472X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4208-472X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802928900","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03t4gr691","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adri\u00e0 T\u00fanez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience and Public Health Research Institutes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4208-472X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience and Public Health Research Institutes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066340293","display_name":"Jo\u00eblle A. Pasman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7558-0482","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7558-0482"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802928900","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03t4gr691","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124285","display_name":"Amsterdam Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/0258apj61","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124285"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00eblle A. Pasman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience and Public Health Research Institutes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands","Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7558-0482","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience and Public Health Research Institutes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124285"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137808630","display_name":"Merel Ann Emma Wouda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2431-1401","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2431-1401"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802928900","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03t4gr691","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Merel Wouda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2431-1401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064382922","display_name":"Laura W. Wesseldijk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9900-0371","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9900-0371"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802928900","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03t4gr691","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086768","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics","ror":"https://ror.org/000rdbk18","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210086768"]}],"countries":["DE","NL","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura W. Wesseldijk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt","Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9900-0371","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086768"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080029066","display_name":"Bochao Danae Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4161-8021","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4161-8021"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173899330","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800191616","display_name":"Maastricht University Medical Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/02d9ce178","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800191616"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802928900","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03t4gr691","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]}],"countries":["CN","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bochao D. Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China","Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4161-8021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800191616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119846881","display_name":"Anastasia A. Goula","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5387-4138","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5387-4138"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802928900","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03t4gr691","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124285","display_name":"Amsterdam Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/0258apj61","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124285"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anastasia A. Goula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience and Public Health Research Institutes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands","Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5387-4138","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience and Public Health Research Institutes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124285"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078744084","display_name":"Karin J. H. Verweij","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9868-7821","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9868-7821"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802928900","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03t4gr691","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124285","display_name":"Amsterdam Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/0258apj61","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124285"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karin J. H. Verweij","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience and Public Health Research Institutes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands","Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9868-7821","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience and Public Health Research Institutes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124285"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022719663","display_name":"Jurjen Justin Luykx","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-2774","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-2774"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800191616","display_name":"Maastricht University Medical Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/02d9ce178","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800191616"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802928900","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03t4gr691","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139202","display_name":"GGZ inGeest","ror":"https://ror.org/042m3ve83","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139202"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jurjen J. Luykx","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Neuroscience and Public Health Research Institutes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands","GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-2774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Neuroscience and Public Health Research Institutes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800191616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139202"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022719663","https://openalex.org/A5137824218"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800191616","https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210108594","https://openalex.org/I4210139202"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.004000000189989805,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substance-use","display_name":"substance use","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-disorders","display_name":"mental illness","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality-traits","display_name":"personality traits","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking","display_name":"smoking","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alcohol-consumption","display_name":"alcohol consumption","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cannabis-use","display_name":"cannabis use","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schizophrenia","display_name":"schizophrenia","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bipolar-disorder","display_name":"bipolar disorder","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/posttraumatic-stress-disorder","display_name":"post-traumatic stress disorder","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"depression","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalized-anxiety-disorder","display_name":"generalized anxiety disorder","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder","display_name":"attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agreeableness","display_name":"agreeableness","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraversion","display_name":"extraversion","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroticism","display_name":"neuroticism","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/openness-to-experience","display_name":"openness to experience","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shared-genetic-risk","display_name":"shared genetic risk","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-pathways","display_name":"causal pathways","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-causality","display_name":"bidirectional causality","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pleiotropy","display_name":"pleiotropy","score":0.6340000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779901538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6816584","display_name":"Mendelian randomization","level":5,"score":0.7867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127816348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127588","display_name":"Extraversion and introversion","level":4,"score":0.7002999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777056318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79817","display_name":"Cannabis","level":2,"score":0.5841000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5745999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431605","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.5577999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2865642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378132","display_name":"Big Five personality traits","level":3,"score":0.5462999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5455999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.5374000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.5152999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.4943000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776529864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4368945","display_name":"Novelty seeking","level":4,"score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84976871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673","display_name":"Openness to experience","level":2,"score":0.4214000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40010229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3184856","display_name":"Substance abuse","level":2,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9287583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532883","display_name":"Genetic architecture","level":4,"score":0.3472000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991912374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q400711","display_name":"Substance use","level":2,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776174506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131755","display_name":"Bipolar disorder","level":3,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776276179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118418","display_name":"Antisocial personality disorder","level":4,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777308609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270673","display_name":"Personality disorders","level":3,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779436514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4713263","display_name":"Alcohol dependence","level":3,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170760736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380358","display_name":"Agreeableness","level":5,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779727114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170082","display_name":"Psychosis","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94612546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540168","display_name":"Neuroticism","level":3,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777727901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3099410","display_name":"Schizotypy","level":3,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781214261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2729863","display_name":"Hostility","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779159551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Comorbidity","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174010058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7170643","display_name":"Personality Assessment Inventory","level":3,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115816405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73822","display_name":"Sensation seeking","level":3,"score":0.2578999996185303}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.28.26364160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.26364160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.26364160","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/05/2026.09.28.26364160.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.28.26364160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.26364160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.26364160","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/05/2026.09.28.26364160.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4941881150","display_name":"Causal relationships between smoking and mental illness: empirical evidence and effects on public perception","funder_award_id":"406.22.GO.043","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G578189706","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"406.22","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319100","display_name":"Stichting Volksbond Rotterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04tgsra51"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220450516.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220450516.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1905058580","https://openalex.org/W1977465442","https://openalex.org/W2026188485","https://openalex.org/W2026430003","https://openalex.org/W2036808380","https://openalex.org/W2072071292","https://openalex.org/W2102632465","https://openalex.org/W2143359963","https://openalex.org/W2151872224","https://openalex.org/W2154728666","https://openalex.org/W2520553955","https://openalex.org/W2582550385","https://openalex.org/W2593618734","https://openalex.org/W2599264051","https://openalex.org/W2614565044","https://openalex.org/W2736267947","https://openalex.org/W2810852503","https://openalex.org/W2909598358","https://openalex.org/W2937611850","https://openalex.org/W2952677689","https://openalex.org/W2954204469","https://openalex.org/W2972751683","https://openalex.org/W2974729007","https://openalex.org/W2984054723","https://openalex.org/W2996469812","https://openalex.org/W3005625441","https://openalex.org/W3041570185","https://openalex.org/W3047650967","https://openalex.org/W3049135230","https://openalex.org/W3092143458","https://openalex.org/W3122003170","https://openalex.org/W3165543396","https://openalex.org/W3186302534","https://openalex.org/W3212419057","https://openalex.org/W4223520055","https://openalex.org/W4286216975","https://openalex.org/W4308771122","https://openalex.org/W4313453265","https://openalex.org/W4324304746","https://openalex.org/W4367598734","https://openalex.org/W4386069227","https://openalex.org/W4386377727","https://openalex.org/W4393265653","https://openalex.org/W4394924136","https://openalex.org/W4399121913","https://openalex.org/W4400156469","https://openalex.org/W4400799087","https://openalex.org/W4400926332","https://openalex.org/W4401519656","https://openalex.org/W4402720345","https://openalex.org/W4404149703","https://openalex.org/W4406365831","https://openalex.org/W4406715937","https://openalex.org/W4409289193","https://openalex.org/W4410889220","https://openalex.org/W4412514986","https://openalex.org/W4413409999","https://openalex.org/W4414308365","https://openalex.org/W4414824495","https://openalex.org/W4415849796","https://openalex.org/W7128486843","https://openalex.org/W7130818822","https://openalex.org/W7153094488","https://openalex.org/W7164002364","https://openalex.org/W7165047412","https://openalex.org/W7166352957","https://openalex.org/W7205709716"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3186302534","https://openalex.org/W2984054723","https://openalex.org/W3047650967","https://openalex.org/W3158465868","https://openalex.org/W4393989509","https://openalex.org/W4402720345","https://openalex.org/W2888416545","https://openalex.org/W4410889220","https://openalex.org/W7170187473","https://openalex.org/W6925352252"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Substance":[1],"use":[2,44,76,122,134,256],"and":[3,46,49,66,69,98,130,132,140,175,181,188,199,209,217,233,260,269],"psychiatric":[4,48,65,258],"disorders":[5],"frequently":[6],"co-occur,":[7],"but":[8,125,142],"establishing":[9],"causality":[10],"of":[11,20,41,63,196,249],"their":[12],"relationships":[13],"is":[14],"difficult":[15],"given":[16],"the":[17,34,59,64,84],"multifactorial":[18],"nature":[19],"these":[21,25,71,236],"traits.":[22,77],"To":[23],"assess":[24],"relationships,":[26,250],"we":[27,57,149],"applied":[28],"two":[29],"genetically":[30],"informed":[31],"methods":[32],"using":[33],"largest":[35],"available":[36],"European-ancestry":[37],"genome-wide":[38],"association":[39],"studies":[40],"six":[42],"substance":[43,75,109,255],"behaviors":[45],"twelve":[47],"personality":[50,67,261],"phenotypes.":[51],"Using":[52,146],"Genomic":[53],"Structural":[54],"Equation":[55],"Modelling,":[56],"modelled":[58],"latent":[60],"genetic":[61,243],"architecture":[62],"traits":[68],"examined":[70,150],"factors\u2019":[72],"correlations":[73,107,127,137],"with":[74,80,108,119,128,138,144,164,172,178,193,201],"A":[78],"structure":[79],"three":[81],"factors":[82],"fit":[83],"data":[85],"best:":[86],"F1":[87,129,139],"(PTSD,":[88],"MDD,":[89],"GAD,":[90,101],"ADHD,":[91],"agreeableness),":[92],"F2":[93],"(BD,":[94],"SCZ,":[95],"OCD,":[96],"openness),":[97],"F3":[99],"(OCD,":[100],"extraversion,":[102],"neuroticism),":[103],"which":[104,114,263],"showed":[105,123,135,225],"differential":[106],"use.":[110,204,221],"Smoking":[111],"correlated":[112],"significantly":[113],"each":[115],"factor,":[116],"however,":[117],"strongest":[118,143],"F1,":[120],"alcohol":[121,203],"weak":[124,226],"significant":[126],"F2,":[131,141],"cannabis":[133,197,220],"moderate":[136],"F2.":[145],"Mendelian":[147],"Randomization,":[148],"bidirectional":[151],"causal":[152,227,252],"relationships.":[153],"We":[154],"found":[155],"strong":[156],"evidence":[157,239],"that":[158],"smoking":[159,176,215],"continuation":[160],"was":[161,211],"causally":[162,191,212],"associated":[163,192],"increased":[165,173,179,194,202],"bipolar":[166],"disorder":[167],"risk,":[168],"cigarettes":[169],"per":[170],"day":[171],"schizophrenia,":[174],"initiation":[177],"extraversion":[180,218],"decreased":[182],"agreeableness.":[183],"Genetic":[184],"liability":[185,244],"to":[186,206,214,219,231],"schizophrenia":[187,200],"PTSD":[189],"were":[190],"risk":[195],"use,":[198],"Liability":[205],"neuroticism,":[207],"openness":[208],"agreeableness":[210],"linked":[213],"behaviors,":[216,257],"Most":[222],"remaining":[223],"associations":[224],"evidence,":[228],"largely":[229],"due":[230],"heterogeneity":[232],"pleiotropy.":[234],"Together,":[235],"findings":[237],"provide":[238],"for":[240,246],"both":[241],"shared":[242],"and,":[245],"a":[247],"subset":[248],"direct":[251],"effects":[253],"between":[254],"disorders,":[259],"traits,":[262],"can":[264],"help":[265],"inform":[266],"future":[267],"intervention":[268],"prevention":[270],"research.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00"}
