{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220446418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923822","title":"Innate immune cells in tumor immunity: dual roles, mechanistic insights, and therapeutic opportunities","display_name":"Innate immune cells in tumor immunity: dual roles, mechanistic insights, and therapeutic opportunities","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220446418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923822","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42899013","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13678532"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923822","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923822/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923822/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157633180","display_name":"Songhang Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8989-1870","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8989-1870"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125137","display_name":"First Hospital of Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/034haf133","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songhang Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086189450","display_name":"\u5f20\u4f73\u5b87","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1358-8954","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1358-8954"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125137","display_name":"First Hospital of Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/034haf133","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157457989","display_name":"Shuang Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125137","display_name":"First Hospital of Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/034haf133","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157653612","display_name":"Yuan Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8297-514X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8297-514X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125137","display_name":"First Hospital of Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/034haf133","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022047446","display_name":"Dan Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8628-300X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8628-300X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125137","display_name":"First Hospital of Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/034haf133","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157650688","display_name":"Manwei Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4747-8843","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4747-8843"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125137","display_name":"First Hospital of Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/034haf133","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manwei Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107105418","display_name":"Wurihan Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4712-9588","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4712-9588"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125137","display_name":"First Hospital of Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/034haf133","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wurihan Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","School of Life Sciences, Jilin University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Sciences, Jilin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049689712","display_name":"Xiaojie Qu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125137","display_name":"First Hospital of Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/034haf133","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojie Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157543961","display_name":"Yanyan Chi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125137","display_name":"First Hospital of Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/034haf133","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanyan Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157575986","display_name":"Xuefeng Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125137","display_name":"First Hospital of Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/034haf133","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuefeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4210125137"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5157575986"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4210125137"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46525199,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1923822","last_page":"1923822"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11313","display_name":"Immune cells in cancer","score":0.9506999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11313","display_name":"Immune cells in cancer","score":0.9506999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":0.0414000004529953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antitumor-immunity","display_name":"antitumor immunity","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-microenvironment","display_name":"tumor microenvironment","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innate-immune-cells","display_name":"innate immune cells","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-associated-macrophages","display_name":"tumor-associated macrophages","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-killer-cells","display_name":"natural killer cells","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-associated-neutrophils","display_name":"tumor-associated neutrophils","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dendritic-cells","display_name":"dendritic cells","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamma-delta-t-cells","display_name":"\u03b3\u03b4 T cells","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innate-lymphoid-cells","display_name":"innate lymphoid cells","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cgas-sting-pathway","display_name":"cGAS-STING pathway","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-i-interferon","display_name":"type I interferon","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nf-kappab-stat3-signaling","display_name":"NF-\u03baB/STAT3 signaling","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pd-1-pd-l1-axis","display_name":"PD-1/PD-L1 axis","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t-cell-exhaustion","display_name":"T cell exhaustion","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-immune-evasion","display_name":"tumor immune evasion","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-metabolic-reprogramming","display_name":"tumor metabolic reprogramming","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extracellular-vesicles","display_name":"extracellular vesicles","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-immunotherapy","display_name":"cancer immunotherapy","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunosuppression","display_name":"immunosuppression","score":0.8180000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136449434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428253","display_name":"Innate immune system","level":3,"score":0.8791000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47742525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13418826","display_name":"Innate lymphoid cell","level":4,"score":0.769599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6164000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77255625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q402093","display_name":"Reprogramming","level":3,"score":0.5551000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776107976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786433","display_name":"Tumor microenvironment","level":3,"score":0.5386999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157081693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21113934","display_name":"CCL18","level":4,"score":0.5238999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.47690001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193419808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1645075","display_name":"Acquired immune system","level":3,"score":0.4147999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779244956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184204","display_name":"Macrophage","level":3,"score":0.37549999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.37139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1491633281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868","display_name":"Cell","level":2,"score":0.3465999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778170410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506253","display_name":"Dendritic cell","level":3,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171279029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5128320","display_name":"Classical complement pathway","level":4,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127716648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053","display_name":"Phenotype","level":3,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189014844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189118","display_name":"Cell type","level":3,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780674031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2012719","display_name":"Cancer immunotherapy","level":4,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96232424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4118072","display_name":"Cancer cell","level":3,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776178377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188269","display_name":"Interferon","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019440502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500430","display_name":"Dual role","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000084582","descriptor_name":"Tumor-Associated Macrophages","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000094383","descriptor_name":"T-Cell Exhaustion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000099196","descriptor_name":"cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003713","descriptor_name":"Dendritic Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007113","descriptor_name":"Immunity, Innate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007694","descriptor_name":"Killer Cells, Natural","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019139","descriptor_name":"Tumor Escape","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059016","descriptor_name":"Tumor Microenvironment","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923822","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923822/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13678532","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13678532/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13678532/pdf/fimmu-17-1923822.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Immunol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42899013","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42899013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in immunology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9e5549328bde4a20a2d1f1322aaa08b5","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9e5549328bde4a20a2d1f1322aaa08b5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923822","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923822/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1132242739","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"82422041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220446418.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220446418.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":237,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1261949646","https://openalex.org/W1491394604","https://openalex.org/W1498931318","https://openalex.org/W1512693074","https://openalex.org/W1528231659","https://openalex.org/W1595949461","https://openalex.org/W1652582743","https://openalex.org/W1674967027","https://openalex.org/W1898887656","https://openalex.org/W1913328895","https://openalex.org/W1950118853","https://openalex.org/W1960538598","https://openalex.org/W1979507175","https://openalex.org/W1981858801","https://openalex.org/W1985458442","https://openalex.org/W1991918456","https://openalex.org/W1999682996","https://openalex.org/W2002157461","https://openalex.org/W2004150448","https://openalex.org/W2004630197","https://openalex.org/W2017525816","https://openalex.org/W2022540958","https://openalex.org/W2033289727","https://openalex.org/W2036188114","https://openalex.org/W2039578184","https://openalex.org/W2042699075","https://openalex.org/W2044748328","https://openalex.org/W2046505430","https://openalex.org/W2049491375","https://openalex.org/W2054609442","https://openalex.org/W2057419005","https://openalex.org/W2061699947","https://openalex.org/W2062889582","https://openalex.org/W2063632665","https://openalex.org/W2067326892","https://openalex.org/W2081124475","https://openalex.org/W2085605492","https://openalex.org/W2088402590","https://openalex.org/W2097259163","https://openalex.org/W2098394317","https://openalex.org/W2100039832","https://openalex.org/W2109274792","https://openalex.org/W2114360891","https://openalex.org/W2115393755","https://openalex.org/W2117692326","https://openalex.org/W2121626779","https://openalex.org/W2123105952","https://openalex.org/W2124427232","https://openalex.org/W2124499950","https://openalex.org/W2125573114","https://openalex.org/W2132413371","https://openalex.org/W2133346943","https://openalex.org/W2133739473","https://openalex.org/W2135730659","https://openalex.org/W2139775496","https://openalex.org/W2140995313","https://openalex.org/W2142127071","https://openalex.org/W2142755954","https://openalex.org/W2153270694","https://openalex.org/W2167862219","https://openalex.org/W2168405751","https://openalex.org/W2169491358","https://openalex.org/W2183777144","https://openalex.org/W2221432805","https://openalex.org/W2266367473","https://openalex.org/W2287383446","https://openalex.org/W2292821496","https://openalex.org/W2318250120","https://openalex.org/W2324559253","https://openalex.org/W2411767313","https://openalex.org/W2433751364","https://openalex.org/W2461271870","https://openalex.org/W2480697384","https://openalex.org/W2507863505","https://openalex.org/W2519020116","https://openalex.org/W2536322725","https://openalex.org/W2558485988","https://openalex.org/W2567639438","https://openalex.org/W2578607799","https://openalex.org/W2582686270","https://openalex.org/W2586097538","https://openalex.org/W2586265133","https://openalex.org/W2587048937","https://openalex.org/W2587111769","https://openalex.org/W2615301036","https://openalex.org/W2725187299","https://openalex.org/W2738977754","https://openalex.org/W2740001104","https://openalex.org/W2741163567","https://openalex.org/W2762816177","https://openalex.org/W2773927148","https://openalex.org/W2775161773","https://openalex.org/W2784311950","https://openalex.org/W2791328450","https://openalex.org/W2791483720","https://openalex.org/W2792588868","https://openalex.org/W2799804231","https://openalex.org/W2801309958","https://openalex.org/W2801821552","https://openalex.org/W2802513889","https://openalex.org/W2806738650","https://openalex.org/W2811247652","https://openalex.org/W2883184447","https://openalex.org/W2887249435","https://openalex.org/W2888376450","https://openalex.org/W2890056446","https://openalex.org/W2894237619","https://openalex.org/W2894451493","https://openalex.org/W2904802348","https://openalex.org/W2907564726","https://openalex.org/W2912181843","https://openalex.org/W2934922729","https://openalex.org/W2943781197","https://openalex.org/W2949407488","https://openalex.org/W2955084980","https://openalex.org/W2955245896","https://openalex.org/W2960078024","https://openalex.org/W2971477701","https://openalex.org/W2977255036","https://openalex.org/W2984955289","https://openalex.org/W2994268592","https://openalex.org/W2995171541","https://openalex.org/W2998345757","https://openalex.org/W2998493318","https://openalex.org/W2998735059","https://openalex.org/W3000339487","https://openalex.org/W3004611567","https://openalex.org/W3005104290","https://openalex.org/W3008157654","https://openalex.org/W3008176582","https://openalex.org/W3013522609","https://openalex.org/W3016135526","https://openalex.org/W3024962001","https://openalex.org/W3025076282","https://openalex.org/W3031497967","https://openalex.org/W3035999666","https://openalex.org/W3041426930","https://openalex.org/W3044222890","https://openalex.org/W3048456013","https://openalex.org/W3089064012","https://openalex.org/W3093059312","https://openalex.org/W3106079805","https://openalex.org/W3138104526","https://openalex.org/W3144992645","https://openalex.org/W3145334405","https://openalex.org/W3151427897","https://openalex.org/W3158519393","https://openalex.org/W3173002948","https://openalex.org/W3192556676","https://openalex.org/W4206662285","https://openalex.org/W4214778119","https://openalex.org/W4221022899","https://openalex.org/W4254946519","https://openalex.org/W4281826746","https://openalex.org/W4283656103","https://openalex.org/W4310076711","https://openalex.org/W4313333674","https://openalex.org/W4313356114","https://openalex.org/W4313585724","https://openalex.org/W4313888795","https://openalex.org/W4317535497","https://openalex.org/W4324046169","https://openalex.org/W4360599629","https://openalex.org/W4361224225","https://openalex.org/W4362566561","https://openalex.org/W4365446410","https://openalex.org/W4366226510","https://openalex.org/W4377138757","https://openalex.org/W4377220564","https://openalex.org/W4382135757","https://openalex.org/W4382278916","https://openalex.org/W4385481273","https://openalex.org/W4385873492","https://openalex.org/W4386709479","https://openalex.org/W4388300466","https://openalex.org/W4388534883","https://openalex.org/W4388735282","https://openalex.org/W4390538643","https://openalex.org/W4390584129","https://openalex.org/W4391169033","https://openalex.org/W4391403444","https://openalex.org/W4391723488","https://openalex.org/W4392287595","https://openalex.org/W4392342640","https://openalex.org/W4392456271","https://openalex.org/W4392847560","https://openalex.org/W4393210079","https://openalex.org/W4393226480","https://openalex.org/W4396227403","https://openalex.org/W4396815136","https://openalex.org/W4397036883","https://openalex.org/W4397043291","https://openalex.org/W4399714354","https://openalex.org/W4400248373","https://openalex.org/W4400390474","https://openalex.org/W4400595227","https://openalex.org/W4400604917","https://openalex.org/W4400778120","https://openalex.org/W4400984224","https://openalex.org/W4401053159","https://openalex.org/W4401591159","https://openalex.org/W4401667917","https://openalex.org/W4402138191","https://openalex.org/W4402780393","https://openalex.org/W4403110170","https://openalex.org/W4403383753","https://openalex.org/W4403553029","https://openalex.org/W4404342551","https://openalex.org/W4404568738","https://openalex.org/W4404834324","https://openalex.org/W4406033921","https://openalex.org/W4406721056","https://openalex.org/W4406810436","https://openalex.org/W4407235514","https://openalex.org/W4407927703","https://openalex.org/W4408038200","https://openalex.org/W4408612645","https://openalex.org/W4408696083","https://openalex.org/W4409148436","https://openalex.org/W4409469243","https://openalex.org/W4410293457","https://openalex.org/W4410905643","https://openalex.org/W4410980498","https://openalex.org/W4412513584","https://openalex.org/W4413505911","https://openalex.org/W4413735069","https://openalex.org/W4414677385","https://openalex.org/W4414742749","https://openalex.org/W4415237114","https://openalex.org/W4415655704","https://openalex.org/W4417259152","https://openalex.org/W7118165344","https://openalex.org/W7119499421","https://openalex.org/W7125946883","https://openalex.org/W7153107940","https://openalex.org/W7155484901","https://openalex.org/W7161634174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415419089","https://openalex.org/W4401667917","https://openalex.org/W7165786779","https://openalex.org/W4392343815","https://openalex.org/W4317433462","https://openalex.org/W7222980491","https://openalex.org/W4409404473","https://openalex.org/W4416834384","https://openalex.org/W4280511943","https://openalex.org/W4383819322"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"tumor":[1,11,37,57],"microenvironment":[2],"(TME)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,157],"complex":[6],"ecosystem":[7],"that":[8],"dynamically":[9],"regulates":[10,104],"progression":[12],"and":[13,34,47,83,109,116,125,133,161],"therapeutic":[14,148],"responses.":[15],"Within":[16],"this":[17],"environment,":[18],"innate":[19,52,84,94,126,151,167],"immune":[20,38,53,95],"cells":[21,71,82,86],"play":[22],"prominent":[23],"dual":[24],"roles,":[25],"acting":[26],"as":[27,73,75,79],"both":[28],"critical":[29],"mediators":[30],"of":[31,36,50],"anti-tumor":[32],"surveillance":[33],"facilitators":[35],"escape.":[39],"This":[40,153],"review":[41,155],"comprehensively":[42],"synthesizes":[43],"the":[44,99,101,111,118,141],"phenotypic":[45],"plasticity":[46],"functional":[48],"heterogeneity":[49],"key":[51],"cell":[54,96,123,127],"subsets":[55],"in":[56,98],"immunity,":[58],"including":[59],"tumor-associated":[60,67],"macrophages":[61],"(TAMs),":[62],"natural":[63],"killer":[64],"(NK)":[65],"cells,":[66],"neutrophils":[68],"(TANs),":[69],"dendritic":[70],"(DCs),":[72],"well":[74],"emerging":[76,147],"players":[77],"such":[78],"\u03b3\u03b4":[80],"T":[81,122],"lymphoid":[85],"(ILCs).":[87],"Mechanistically,":[88],"we":[89],"dissect":[90],"core":[91],"pathways":[92],"governing":[93],"function":[97],"TME:":[100],"cGAS-STING":[102],"pathway":[103],"type":[105],"I":[106],"interferon":[107],"responses":[108],"immunogenicity;":[110],"NF-\u03baB/STAT3":[112],"network":[113],"coordinates":[114],"inflammation":[115],"immunosuppression;":[117],"PD-1/PD-L1":[119],"axis":[120],"mediates":[121],"exhaustion":[124],"dysfunction.":[128],"Additionally,":[129],"tumor-driven":[130],"metabolic":[131],"reprogramming":[132],"extracellular":[134],"vesicles":[135],"(EVs)":[136],"intercellular":[137],"communication":[138],"collectively":[139],"shape":[140],"immunosuppressive":[142],"TME.":[143],"We":[144],"further":[145],"evaluate":[146],"strategies":[149],"targeting":[150],"immunity.":[152],"narrative":[154],"provides":[156],"comprehensive":[158],"mechanistic":[159],"framework":[160],"theoretical":[162],"basis":[163],"for":[164],"developing":[165],"precise,":[166],"immunity-targeted":[168],"cancer":[169],"immunotherapies.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00"}