{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220443140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23155177","title":"Investigation of Cybercrime under BNSS and Proof of Digital Evidence under BSA: A Critical Analysis","display_name":"Investigation of Cybercrime under BNSS and Proof of Digital Evidence under BSA: A Critical Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220443140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23155177"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23155177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23155177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23155177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23155177","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157504946","display_name":"Balasaheb G. Pawar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pawar, Balasaheb G.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jalgaon University Maharashtra India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jalgaon University Maharashtra India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099036688","display_name":"Rajesh N. Makasare","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133978751","display_name":"Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University","ror":"https://ror.org/04esgv207","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133978751"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Makasare, Rajesh N.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Librarian / Department of Library Late N. P. W Art & Science College Chopa / Mohadi Ta-Goregon Dist - Gondia (MS) T M. U Nagpur University Nagpur"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Librarian / Department of Library Late N. P. W Art & Science College Chopa / Mohadi Ta-Goregon Dist - Gondia (MS) T M. U Nagpur University Nagpur","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133978751"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14171","display_name":"Education, Law, and Society","score":0.8345000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14171","display_name":"Education, Law, and Society","score":0.8345000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.13500000536441803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.019600000232458115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybercrime-investigation","display_name":"cybercrime investigation","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-sanhita-2023","display_name":"Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-2023","display_name":"Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-evidence","display_name":"digital evidence","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/admissibility-of-evidence","display_name":"admissibility of evidence","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chain-of-custody","display_name":"chain of custody","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authenticity-of-evidence","display_name":"authenticity of evidence","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-records","display_name":"electronic records","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indian-evidence-act-1872","display_name":"Indian Evidence Act 1872","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-technology-act-2000","display_name":"Information Technology Act 2000","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-opinion","display_name":"expert opinion","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyberstalking","display_name":"cyberstalking","score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ransomware","display_name":"ransomware","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity-theft","display_name":"identity theft","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-financial-fraud","display_name":"online financial fraud","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indian-criminal-law","display_name":"Indian criminal law","score":0.33799999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779390178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29137","display_name":"Cybercrime","level":3,"score":0.9043999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522325796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471880","display_name":"Identity theft","level":2,"score":0.6693000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781357168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276084","display_name":"Digital evidence","level":3,"score":0.5526999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132829578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581151","display_name":"Situated","level":2,"score":0.5284000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5131000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158129432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7766927","display_name":"Statutory law","level":2,"score":0.5083000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4374000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.429500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84418412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246940","display_name":"Digital forensics","level":2,"score":0.40959998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989129637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29137","display_name":"Cyber crime","level":3,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.36410000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.3504999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159926677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852633","display_name":"Admissible evidence","level":2,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121017731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661","display_name":"Information technology","level":2,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117660856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1964968","display_name":"Criminal investigation","level":2,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196587545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869548","display_name":"Electronic signature","level":3,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779533120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184708","display_name":"Information society","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781241145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204606","display_name":"Cyberspace","level":3,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776119841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837675","display_name":"Jury","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23155177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23155177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23155177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23155178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23155178","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23155178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23155177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23155177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23155177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8999999761581421}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7166697403","https://openalex.org/W7221697176","https://openalex.org/W7203989753","https://openalex.org/W4415622732","https://openalex.org/W7165686298","https://openalex.org/W7130653582","https://openalex.org/W4409447982","https://openalex.org/W7216301143","https://openalex.org/W7167405800","https://openalex.org/W4407346427"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,102,148,193,246],"unprecedented":[2],"growth":[3],"of":[4,15,57,146,153,159,190,223,257,279,304,312,326,330,338,346],"information":[5,233],"and":[6,17,51,63,77,85,109,135,140,166,188,215,218,221,240,272,290,309,328,342,350],"communication":[7],"technology":[8,132],"has":[9],"fundamentally":[10],"transformed":[11],"both":[12],"the":[13,18,67,75,110,144,180,196,201,219,254,261,267,273,302,307,310,316,335,347],"nature":[14],"crime":[16,68],"methods":[19],"employed":[20],"for":[21],"its":[22],"investigation.":[23],"Cybercrime":[24],"is":[25,179],"no":[26],"longer":[27],"confined":[28],"to":[29,35,125,127,176,205,210,284],"conventional":[30],"computer-related":[31],"offences":[32,59],"but":[33],"extends":[34],"online":[36],"financial":[37],"fraud,":[38],"identity":[39],"theft,":[40,45],"unauthorized":[41],"access,":[42],"cyberstalking,":[43],"data":[44],"ransomware,":[46],"social-media":[47],"offences,":[48,155],"digital":[49,100,141,244,313],"forgery":[50],"technology-facilitated":[52],"organized":[53],"criminal":[54,171],"activity.":[55],"Investigation":[56],"such":[58],"presents":[60],"distinctive":[61],"legal":[62],"technical":[64],"challenges":[65],"because":[66],"scene":[69],"may":[70,79,88],"exist":[71],"in":[72,82,237],"virtual":[73],"space,":[74],"offender":[76],"victim":[78],"be":[80,89,251],"situated":[81],"different":[83],"jurisdictions,":[84],"crucial":[86],"evidence":[87,217,259,314],"stored":[90,236],"on":[91,120,183,195,321],"mobile":[92],"devices,":[93],"remote":[94],"servers,":[95],"cloud":[96],"platforms":[97],"or":[98,235,243],"other":[99,197,241],"systems.":[101],"Bharatiya":[103,111],"Nagarik":[104],"Suraksha":[105],"Sanhita,":[106],"2023":[107,114],"(BNSS)":[108],"Sakshya":[112],"Adhiniyam,":[113],"(BSA),":[115],"which":[116],"came":[117],"into":[118,133],"force":[119],"1st":[121],"July":[122],"2024,":[123],"seek":[124],"respond":[126],"these":[128],"developments":[129],"by":[130,136],"integrating":[131],"investigation":[134,165,178,303],"expressly":[137],"recognizing":[138],"electronic":[139,151,168,191,206,224,242,258,331],"records":[142],"within":[143],"law":[145,341],"evidence.":[147,332],"BNSS":[149,308],"facilitates":[150],"reporting":[152],"cognizable":[154],"mandates":[156],"audio-video":[157],"recording":[158],"specified":[160],"investigative":[161],"processes,":[162],"strengthens":[163],"forensic":[164,186],"recognizes":[167,229],"modes":[169],"throughout":[170],"proceedings.":[172],"Of":[173],"particular":[174,319],"significance":[175],"cybercrime":[177,305],"statutory":[181],"emphasis":[182,320],"preservation,":[184,323],"seizure,":[185],"examination":[187],"documentation":[189],"devices.":[192],"BSA,":[194],"hand,":[198],"substantially":[199],"reorganizes":[200],"evidentiary":[202],"framework":[203,248],"relating":[204],"records.":[207],"Sections":[208],"57":[209],"63":[211],"deal":[212],"with":[213,318],"primary":[214],"secondary":[216],"proof":[220,311],"admissibility":[222,329],"records,":[225],"while":[226],"section":[227],"39":[228],"expert":[230],"opinion":[231],"concerning":[232],"transmitted":[234],"computer":[238],"resources":[239],"forms.":[245],"new":[247],"must,":[249],"however,":[250],"understood":[252],"against":[253],"historical":[255,336],"development":[256],"under":[260,306,315],"Indian":[262,339],"Evidence":[263],"Act,":[264,270],"1872":[265],"following":[266],"Information":[268],"Technology":[269],"2000":[271],"judicial":[274],"evolution":[275,337],"from":[276],"State":[277],"(NCT":[278],"Delhi)":[280],"v.":[281,287,294],"Navjot":[282],"Sandhu":[283],"Anvar":[285],"P.V.":[286],"P.K.":[288],"Basheer":[289],"Arjun":[291],"Panditrao":[292],"Khotkar":[293],"Kailash":[295],"Kushanrao":[296],"Gorantyal.":[297],"This":[298],"article":[299],"critically":[300],"examines":[301,343],"BSA":[317],"collection,":[322],"authenticity,":[324],"chain":[325],"custody":[327],"It":[333],"analyses":[334],"electronic-evidence":[340],"significant":[344],"decisions":[345],"Supreme":[348],"Court":[349],"High":[351],"Courts.":[352]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-20T09:52:01.089006","created_date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00"}