{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220420040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1939029","title":"Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers: evolution, translational applications and clinical considerations","display_name":"Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers: evolution, translational applications and clinical considerations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220420040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1939029","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42898493","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13678070"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1939029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1939029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1939029","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2026.1939029/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597052008","display_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","issn_l":"2296-858X","issn":["2296-858X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2026.1939029/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157442647","display_name":"Huan Tang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I105086349","display_name":"North Sichuan Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05k3sdc46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105086349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118397","display_name":"Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01qh26a66","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huan Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology","Department of Geriatric Internal Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology","North Sichuan Medical College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711","https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geriatric Internal Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711","https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Sichuan Medical College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I105086349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157448973","display_name":"Xinyi Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118397","display_name":"Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01qh26a66","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711","https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100457340","display_name":"Hai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8705-6351","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8705-6351","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7999-0208","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1460-7566"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118397","display_name":"Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01qh26a66","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711","https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157525435","display_name":"Xiaobo Huang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118397","display_name":"Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01qh26a66","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobo Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711","https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057131701","display_name":"Chun Shui Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6077-5882","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6077-5882"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118397","display_name":"Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01qh26a66","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711","https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157528235","display_name":"Lin Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I105086349","display_name":"North Sichuan Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05k3sdc46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105086349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118397","display_name":"Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01qh26a66","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology","Department of Geriatric Internal Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology","North Sichuan Medical College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711","https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geriatric Internal Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711","https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Sichuan Medical College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I105086349"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5157528235"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I105086349","https://openalex.org/I150229711","https://openalex.org/I4210118397"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.453125,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"1939029","last_page":"1939029"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12094","display_name":"Hemoglobin structure and function","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1303","display_name":"Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12094","display_name":"Hemoglobin structure and function","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1303","display_name":"Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10693","display_name":"Blood transfusion and management","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2720","display_name":"Hematology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11116","display_name":"Trauma, Hemostasis, Coagulopathy, Resuscitation","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemoglobin-based-oxygen-carriers","display_name":"hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-hemoglobin","display_name":"free hemoglobin","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-substitutes","display_name":"blood substitutes","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxygen-delivery","display_name":"oxygen delivery","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organ-preservation","display_name":"organ preservation","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypoxia","display_name":"hypoxia","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-safety","display_name":"clinical safety","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fda-approval","display_name":"FDA approval","score":0.6549999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6888999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.6366999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.6265000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994142871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7873","display_name":"Oxygen delivery","level":3,"score":0.555899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018890749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204711","display_name":"Food and drug administration","level":2,"score":0.5278000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993864201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7873","display_name":"Oxygen transport","level":3,"score":0.5098000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C540031477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629","display_name":"Oxygen","level":2,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500558357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12152","display_name":"Myocardial infarction","level":2,"score":0.3873000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778337571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831050","display_name":"Blood substitute","level":3,"score":0.3668999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778917026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43041","display_name":"Hemoglobin","level":2,"score":0.35830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172268261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4764988","display_name":"Animal studies","level":2,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128544194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474859","display_name":"Translational research","level":2,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018263421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083","display_name":"Human studies","level":2,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986104408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179661","display_name":"Clinical treatment","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475557","display_name":"Patient safety","level":3,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780014101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183605","display_name":"Blood transfusion","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992092908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45959","display_name":"Drug toxicity","level":3,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780630273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1988216","display_name":"Oxygen therapy","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7836513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1641506","display_name":"Hypoxia (environmental)","level":3,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992053201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2585693","display_name":"Clinical efficacy","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020437955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7873","display_name":"Human blood","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908988968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q763244","display_name":"Blood preservation","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777396833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q886722","display_name":"Blood product","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1939029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1939029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1939029","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2026.1939029/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597052008","display_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","issn_l":"2296-858X","issn":["2296-858X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13678070","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13678070/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13678070/pdf/fmed-13-1939029.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Med (Lausanne)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42898493","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42898493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:332515cd3b82458a8d3cf95f5dd9bd5d","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/332515cd3b82458a8d3cf95f5dd9bd5d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Medicine, Vol 13 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1939029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1939029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1939029","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2026.1939029/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597052008","display_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","issn_l":"2296-858X","issn":["2296-858X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9922999739646912,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220420040.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220420040.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":194,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32361884","https://openalex.org/W43036991","https://openalex.org/W1512262777","https://openalex.org/W1582167355","https://openalex.org/W1596721416","https://openalex.org/W1881342452","https://openalex.org/W1968376422","https://openalex.org/W1969567960","https://openalex.org/W1970057110","https://openalex.org/W1970539913","https://openalex.org/W1971044599","https://openalex.org/W1978291922","https://openalex.org/W1978464782","https://openalex.org/W1981038982","https://openalex.org/W1981608115","https://openalex.org/W1981857877","https://openalex.org/W1985259643","https://openalex.org/W1985337454","https://openalex.org/W1986384067","https://openalex.org/W1987215043","https://openalex.org/W1989694866","https://openalex.org/W1992048309","https://openalex.org/W1995919954","https://openalex.org/W2002507728","https://openalex.org/W2003514858","https://openalex.org/W2005761035","https://openalex.org/W2007626339","https://openalex.org/W2011891975","https://openalex.org/W2015783779","https://openalex.org/W2022174633","https://openalex.org/W2023390760","https://openalex.org/W2028034405","https://openalex.org/W2031183376","https://openalex.org/W2032226735","https://openalex.org/W2034906784","https://openalex.org/W2040223458","https://openalex.org/W2040405249","https://openalex.org/W2041574105","https://openalex.org/W2045328527","https://openalex.org/W2046406258","https://openalex.org/W2047445353","https://openalex.org/W2047997534","https://openalex.org/W2050459095","https://openalex.org/W2051361191","https://openalex.org/W2051382343","https://openalex.org/W2057721645","https://openalex.org/W2060809769","https://openalex.org/W2061770244","https://openalex.org/W2064390452","https://openalex.org/W2065158461","https://openalex.org/W2065778573","https://openalex.org/W2067672838","https://openalex.org/W2068503629","https://openalex.org/W2068838251","https://openalex.org/W2081686059","https://openalex.org/W2083748976","https://openalex.org/W2085371417","https://openalex.org/W2090650515","https://openalex.org/W2091210055","https://openalex.org/W2096432271","https://openalex.org/W2100225360","https://openalex.org/W2100261061","https://openalex.org/W2102448742","https://openalex.org/W2105731726","https://openalex.org/W2118791856","https://openalex.org/W2124496728","https://openalex.org/W2127515675","https://openalex.org/W2135706659","https://openalex.org/W2149360266","https://openalex.org/W2149952131","https://openalex.org/W2154157809","https://openalex.org/W2158094393","https://openalex.org/W2158368253","https://openalex.org/W2160243990","https://openalex.org/W2160752419","https://openalex.org/W2161491970","https://openalex.org/W2162655061","https://openalex.org/W2163255390","https://openalex.org/W2170128907","https://openalex.org/W2190891769","https://openalex.org/W2197944131","https://openalex.org/W2316201448","https://openalex.org/W2342636415","https://openalex.org/W2405628819","https://openalex.org/W2411323646","https://openalex.org/W2488623684","https://openalex.org/W2490067661","https://openalex.org/W2545497389","https://openalex.org/W2578680874","https://openalex.org/W2596986385","https://openalex.org/W2607387985","https://openalex.org/W2614047159","https://openalex.org/W2616232259","https://openalex.org/W2728931161","https://openalex.org/W2745256990","https://openalex.org/W2754776806","https://openalex.org/W2761411402","https://openalex.org/W2765097865","https://openalex.org/W2765103498","https://openalex.org/W2767911924","https://openalex.org/W2792582298","https://openalex.org/W2807286787","https://openalex.org/W2809364991","https://openalex.org/W2903740419","https://openalex.org/W2908201941","https://openalex.org/W2920020257","https://openalex.org/W2921783062","https://openalex.org/W2927923874","https://openalex.org/W2942732393","https://openalex.org/W2945189282","https://openalex.org/W2955037925","https://openalex.org/W2962806404","https://openalex.org/W2982266617","https://openalex.org/W2982514380","https://openalex.org/W2988667613","https://openalex.org/W3004726001","https://openalex.org/W3006644287","https://openalex.org/W3007255596","https://openalex.org/W3008867634","https://openalex.org/W3016705658","https://openalex.org/W3021504417","https://openalex.org/W3036617881","https://openalex.org/W3041735070","https://openalex.org/W3081386824","https://openalex.org/W3083779226","https://openalex.org/W3095923992","https://openalex.org/W3106912449","https://openalex.org/W3123566456","https://openalex.org/W3124886998","https://openalex.org/W3176893528","https://openalex.org/W3185981556","https://openalex.org/W3189138732","https://openalex.org/W3204142120","https://openalex.org/W3205268020","https://openalex.org/W3205883264","https://openalex.org/W3206447856","https://openalex.org/W3207349884","https://openalex.org/W3212948162","https://openalex.org/W3217793030","https://openalex.org/W4200509035","https://openalex.org/W4210795205","https://openalex.org/W4243202999","https://openalex.org/W4280530462","https://openalex.org/W4283826197","https://openalex.org/W4284974834","https://openalex.org/W4290465635","https://openalex.org/W4290465689","https://openalex.org/W4290722139","https://openalex.org/W4309463465","https://openalex.org/W4310235090","https://openalex.org/W4312117541","https://openalex.org/W4313238609","https://openalex.org/W4319438154","https://openalex.org/W4362602764","https://openalex.org/W4362694124","https://openalex.org/W4366239718","https://openalex.org/W4367320481","https://openalex.org/W4376223939","https://openalex.org/W4381309550","https://openalex.org/W4385801172","https://openalex.org/W4386087351","https://openalex.org/W4386258589","https://openalex.org/W4387358860","https://openalex.org/W4387372903","https://openalex.org/W4387563884","https://openalex.org/W4388556704","https://openalex.org/W4389196797","https://openalex.org/W4391690319","https://openalex.org/W4394881908","https://openalex.org/W4395464632","https://openalex.org/W4396892831","https://openalex.org/W4399716292","https://openalex.org/W4400362631","https://openalex.org/W4401618487","https://openalex.org/W4404353364","https://openalex.org/W4404924429","https://openalex.org/W4405880235","https://openalex.org/W4406115302","https://openalex.org/W4406706452","https://openalex.org/W4408157433","https://openalex.org/W4408299466","https://openalex.org/W4409469141","https://openalex.org/W4409980324","https://openalex.org/W4411022155","https://openalex.org/W4412421024","https://openalex.org/W4413008091","https://openalex.org/W4413736355","https://openalex.org/W4413769141","https://openalex.org/W4414201032","https://openalex.org/W4414948103","https://openalex.org/W4415041015","https://openalex.org/W4415536338","https://openalex.org/W4415654995","https://openalex.org/W4417155941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414497671","https://openalex.org/W7167832937","https://openalex.org/W4414948103","https://openalex.org/W2982514380","https://openalex.org/W7167789773","https://openalex.org/W2728931161","https://openalex.org/W3160160389","https://openalex.org/W2118390662","https://openalex.org/W4200509035","https://openalex.org/W44446205"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tissue":[0],"survival":[1],"depends":[2],"on":[3,130,191,205],"adequate":[4],"oxygen":[5,19,34,39,170,194,226],"delivery,":[6],"yet":[7],"when":[8,196],"red":[9],"blood":[10,69],"cell":[11],"(RBC)":[12],"transfusions":[13],"are":[14,96,222],"unavailable":[15,200],"or":[16,201],"contraindicated,":[17],"restoring":[18],"delivery":[20,171],"remains":[21,217],"an":[22],"urgent":[23],"clinical":[24,57,113,128,188,232],"need.":[25],"To":[26],"meet":[27],"this":[28,138],"need,":[29],"researchers":[30],"have":[31],"developed":[32],"hemoglobin-based":[33],"carriers":[35],"(HBOCs)":[36],"that":[37,93,152],"transport":[38],"via":[40],"cell-free":[41,51,106],"hemoglobin":[42,52],"circulating":[43],"in":[44,133,247],"plasma.":[45],"However,":[46],"the":[47,64,105,134,142,149,207],"intrinsic":[48,102],"toxicity":[49],"of":[50,104,111,118,144,210,238],"(Hb)":[53],"has":[54,62,80],"slowed":[55],"its":[56],"translation.":[58],"More":[59],"fundamentally,":[60],"it":[61],"shifted":[63],"field's":[65],"focus":[66],"from":[67],"universal":[68,162,214],"substitutes":[70,164],"toward":[71],"indication-specific":[72],"solutions.":[73],"Despite":[74],"persistent":[75],"mitigation":[76],"efforts,":[77],"no":[78],"HBOC":[79,131],"gained":[81],"full":[82,208],"Food":[83],"and":[84,120,147,177,243],"Drug":[85],"Administration":[86],"(FDA)":[87],"approval":[88],"for":[89,169],"human":[90],"use,":[91],"suggesting":[92],"these":[94,154],"toxicities":[95],"not":[97,160],"tractable":[98],"engineering":[99,145],"problems":[100],"but":[101,165],"liabilities":[103],"Hb":[107],"molecule.":[108],"A":[109],"meta-analysis":[110],"early":[112],"trials":[114,132],"reported":[115],"increased":[116],"risks":[117],"death":[119],"myocardial":[121],"infarction":[122],"with":[123],"several":[124],"HBOCs,":[125],"prompting":[126],"a":[127,182,213,218],"hold":[129],"United":[135],"States.":[136],"In":[137,185],"review,":[139],"we":[140],"trace":[141],"evolution":[143],"strategies":[146,168],"examine":[148],"functional":[150],"mechanisms":[151],"underpin":[153],"approaches.":[155],"We":[156],"then":[157],"evaluate":[158],"HBOCs":[159,221],"as":[161,166],"RBC":[163,215],"context-dependent":[167],"across":[172],"acute":[173],"resuscitation,":[174],"organ":[175],"preservation,":[176],"hypoxia-driven":[178],"pathologies,":[179],"followed":[180],"by":[181],"safety":[183],"assessment.":[184],"each":[186],"scenario,":[187],"value":[189],"rests":[190],"providing":[192],"temporary":[193],"support":[195],"standard":[197],"transfusion":[198],"is":[199],"inadequate,":[202],"rather":[203],"than":[204],"replicating":[206],"functionality":[209],"RBCs.":[211],"Although":[212],"substitute":[216],"distant":[219],"goal,":[220],"progressively":[223],"evolving":[224],"into":[225],"therapeutics":[227],"specific":[228],"to":[229],"indications.":[230],"Their":[231],"adoption":[233],"will":[234],"require":[235],"rigorous":[236],"evidence":[237],"long-term":[239],"safety,":[240],"manufacturing":[241],"reproducibility,":[242],"clinically":[244],"meaningful":[245],"efficacy":[246],"well-defined":[248],"patient":[249],"populations.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00"}