{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220388477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1924678","title":"Hormonal signaling in glioblastoma: emerging roles in stemness and tumor plasticity","display_name":"Hormonal signaling in glioblastoma: emerging roles in stemness and tumor plasticity","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220388477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1924678","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42899059","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13678582"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1924678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1924678","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1924678","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1924678/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597401208","display_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","issn_l":"1664-2392","issn":["1664-2392"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1924678/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130880654","display_name":"Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez Jessica","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134348","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/044ybef51","country_code":"MY","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105292261","https://openalex.org/I4210134348"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140884","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]}],"countries":["MY","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessica Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Pharmaco-Oncology and Nanomedicine, Basic Research Division, National Cancer Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Pharmaco-Oncology and Nanomedicine, Basic Research Division, National Cancer Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134348","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097550385","display_name":"Alicia Ca\u00f1as\u2010Linares","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134348","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/044ybef51","country_code":"MY","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105292261","https://openalex.org/I4210134348"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140884","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]}],"countries":["MY","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alicia Ca\u00f1as-Linares","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Pharmaco-Oncology and Nanomedicine, Basic Research Division, National Cancer Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Pharmaco-Oncology and Nanomedicine, Basic Research Division, National Cancer Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134348","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033236662","display_name":"Patricia Garc\u00eda\u2010L\u00f3pez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1759-7686","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1759-7686"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134348","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/044ybef51","country_code":"MY","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105292261","https://openalex.org/I4210134348"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140884","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]}],"countries":["MY","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Patricia Garcia-Lopez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Pharmaco-Oncology and Nanomedicine, Basic Research Division, National Cancer Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Pharmaco-Oncology and Nanomedicine, Basic Research Division, National Cancer Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134348","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033236662"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134348","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52310577,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1924678","last_page":"1924678"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10129","display_name":"Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10129","display_name":"Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10336","display_name":"Cancer Cells and Metastasis","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10756","display_name":"Estrogen and related hormone effects","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1310","display_name":"Endocrinology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glioblastoma","display_name":"glioblastoma","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hormone-signaling","display_name":"hormone signaling","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-stemness","display_name":"cancer stemness","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-plasticity","display_name":"tumor plasticity","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-steroids","display_name":"sex steroids","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glucocorticoids","display_name":"glucocorticoids","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melatonin","display_name":"melatonin","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid-hormones","display_name":"thyroid hormones","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prolactin","display_name":"prolactin","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estrogen-receptor-isoforms","display_name":"estrogen receptor isoforms","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/androgen-receptor","display_name":"androgen receptor","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pi3k-akt-mtor-pathway","display_name":"PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mapk-erk-pathway","display_name":"MAPK/ERK pathway","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ezh2","display_name":"EZH2","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epigenetic-regulation","display_name":"epigenetic regulation","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-resistance","display_name":"treatment resistance","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-recurrence","display_name":"tumor recurrence","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-microenvironment","display_name":"tumor microenvironment","score":0.746999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.7515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71315377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11364","display_name":"Hormone","level":2,"score":0.5827000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41091548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26939","display_name":"Epigenetics","level":3,"score":0.546500027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62478195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130","display_name":"Signal transduction","level":2,"score":0.4745999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.4246000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6929976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771881","display_name":"Regulator","level":3,"score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84606932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q416496","display_name":"Estrogen receptor","level":4,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189014844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189118","display_name":"Cell type","level":3,"score":0.3953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.37929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150555746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210973","display_name":"Cell signaling","level":3,"score":0.3750999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779256057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16909647","display_name":"Tumor progression","level":3,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46699223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11078","display_name":"Endocrine system","level":3,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776107976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786433","display_name":"Tumor microenvironment","level":3,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28328180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48196","display_name":"Stem cell","level":2,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86554907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285613","display_name":"PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway","level":3,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61367390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q416601","display_name":"Androgen receptor","level":4,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777164284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277954","display_name":"Estrogen","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63932345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422500","display_name":"Nuclear receptor","level":4,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555283112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637543","display_name":"Carcinogenesis","level":3,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9927688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915012","display_name":"Biological pathway","level":4,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27153228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3787274","display_name":"Transcriptional regulation","level":4,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777911890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62614","display_name":"Androgen","level":3,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152662350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815297","display_name":"Systems biology","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1491633281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868","display_name":"Cell","level":2,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67339327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502576","display_name":"Gene regulatory network","level":4,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779013556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181876","display_name":"Metastasis","level":3,"score":0.257099986076355}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000066670","descriptor_name":"Cell Plasticity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001932","descriptor_name":"Brain Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001932","descriptor_name":"Brain Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005909","descriptor_name":"Glioblastoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005909","descriptor_name":"Glioblastoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006728","descriptor_name":"Hormones","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014411","descriptor_name":"Neoplastic Stem Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014411","descriptor_name":"Neoplastic Stem Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015398","descriptor_name":"Signal Transduction","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1924678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1924678","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1924678","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1924678/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597401208","display_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","issn_l":"1664-2392","issn":["1664-2392"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13678582","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13678582/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13678582/pdf/fendo-17-1924678.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42899059","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42899059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in endocrinology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8f8a53a8aa8a4193a89f14a7ea2aebfb","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8f8a53a8aa8a4193a89f14a7ea2aebfb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1924678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1924678","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1924678","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1924678/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597401208","display_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","issn_l":"1664-2392","issn":["1664-2392"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8371999859809875}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324129","display_name":"Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/03gat5t60"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220388477.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220388477.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482981939","https://openalex.org/W1861492116","https://openalex.org/W1964337968","https://openalex.org/W1976324978","https://openalex.org/W2009069055","https://openalex.org/W2009914667","https://openalex.org/W2015319930","https://openalex.org/W2025060638","https://openalex.org/W2030843982","https://openalex.org/W2031633606","https://openalex.org/W2055051936","https://openalex.org/W2088613749","https://openalex.org/W2096214757","https://openalex.org/W2096287682","https://openalex.org/W2108864303","https://openalex.org/W2113518731","https://openalex.org/W2114426388","https://openalex.org/W2123104544","https://openalex.org/W2123110143","https://openalex.org/W2126178557","https://openalex.org/W2158249814","https://openalex.org/W2184310643","https://openalex.org/W2337551962","https://openalex.org/W2345174795","https://openalex.org/W2363493158","https://openalex.org/W2522506351","https://openalex.org/W2538969940","https://openalex.org/W2552558587","https://openalex.org/W2560855771","https://openalex.org/W2561012755","https://openalex.org/W2563049614","https://openalex.org/W2588295682","https://openalex.org/W2590911058","https://openalex.org/W2605179166","https://openalex.org/W2615997087","https://openalex.org/W2753790630","https://openalex.org/W2766528497","https://openalex.org/W2768570399","https://openalex.org/W2770469636","https://openalex.org/W2797325437","https://openalex.org/W2797919078","https://openalex.org/W2803100310","https://openalex.org/W2895467863","https://openalex.org/W2896149243","https://openalex.org/W2897285216","https://openalex.org/W2900708777","https://openalex.org/W2905431641","https://openalex.org/W2910865326","https://openalex.org/W2914598558","https://openalex.org/W2920098021","https://openalex.org/W2936375023","https://openalex.org/W2944004326","https://openalex.org/W2988901166","https://openalex.org/W2996688916","https://openalex.org/W3003357115","https://openalex.org/W3007168270","https://openalex.org/W3011052320","https://openalex.org/W3022324472","https://openalex.org/W3024034946","https://openalex.org/W3041546689","https://openalex.org/W3042608540","https://openalex.org/W3048664651","https://openalex.org/W3091274460","https://openalex.org/W3119384541","https://openalex.org/W3122748525","https://openalex.org/W3126522265","https://openalex.org/W3137276207","https://openalex.org/W3156070397","https://openalex.org/W3163079392","https://openalex.org/W3164336177","https://openalex.org/W3185016920","https://openalex.org/W3196634717","https://openalex.org/W3206323796","https://openalex.org/W4205808173","https://openalex.org/W4233603472","https://openalex.org/W4289516572","https://openalex.org/W4289965512","https://openalex.org/W4307580663","https://openalex.org/W4362584099","https://openalex.org/W4387329303","https://openalex.org/W4393391808","https://openalex.org/W4399693379","https://openalex.org/W4399864223","https://openalex.org/W4402921981","https://openalex.org/W4407776683","https://openalex.org/W4409592208","https://openalex.org/W4410283128","https://openalex.org/W4410453944","https://openalex.org/W4410553961","https://openalex.org/W4410581274","https://openalex.org/W4411113922","https://openalex.org/W4411164019","https://openalex.org/W4413469698","https://openalex.org/W4414532314","https://openalex.org/W7134967540","https://openalex.org/W7163866851"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415531982","https://openalex.org/W3137276207","https://openalex.org/W4406839042","https://openalex.org/W4205808173","https://openalex.org/W7111409793","https://openalex.org/W4409632070","https://openalex.org/W4296215924","https://openalex.org/W3212871306","https://openalex.org/W7163866851","https://openalex.org/W7160383122"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Glioblastoma":[0],"(GBM)":[1],"is":[2],"characterized":[3],"by":[4,192],"pronounced":[5],"cell-state":[6,131],"plasticity":[7],"and":[8,17,72,82,104,120,133,170,189,195,203,261],"functional":[9],"heterogeneity,":[10],"which":[11,226],"drive":[12],"therapeutic":[13,134,242],"resistance,":[14],"tumor":[15,63,231],"recurrence,":[16],"disease":[18],"evolution.":[19],"Although":[20],"these":[21,108],"processes":[22],"have":[23],"traditionally":[24],"been":[25],"viewed":[26],"through":[27],"a":[28,38,215,238],"predominantly":[29],"genomic":[30],"perspective,":[31],"emerging":[32],"evidence":[33,90],"identifies":[34],"endocrine":[35,109],"signaling":[36,56,228],"as":[37,54,60,66,124,221],"critical":[39],"regulator":[40],"of":[41,62,94,142,149,155,164,173,206,210,255],"glioblastoma":[42],"cell":[43,232],"states.":[44,85,179],"In":[45],"this":[46],"review,":[47],"we":[48,181,213],"propose":[49,214],"that":[50,69,218,244],"hormones":[51],"function":[52],"not":[53],"independent":[55],"pathways":[57],"or":[58],"merely":[59],"promoters":[61],"growth,":[64],"but":[65],"systemic":[67],"regulators":[68,122],"integrate":[70],"physiological":[71],"microenvironmental":[73],"signals":[74,110],"to":[75,126,175,201],"modulate":[76,230],"transitions":[77],"among":[78],"stem-like,":[79],"proliferative,":[80],"invasive,":[81],"treatment-resistant":[83],"cellular":[84,168,178],"We":[86,136],"analyzed":[87],"the":[88,92,98,139,153,156,162,171,207,252],"current":[89,204],"on":[91,112,166],"roles":[93],"sex":[95],"steroids,":[96],"glucocorticoids,":[97],"IGF/insulin":[99],"axis,":[100],"melatonin,":[101],"thyroid":[102],"hormones,":[103],"prolactin,":[105],"highlighting":[106],"how":[107,183],"converge":[111],"common":[113],"molecular":[114,247],"nodes,":[115],"including":[116,146],"PI3K/AKT/mTOR,":[117],"MAPK/ERK,":[118],"JAK/STAT3,":[119],"epigenetic":[121],"such":[123],"EZH2,":[125],"coordinate":[127],"stemness-associated":[128],"programs,":[129],"adaptive":[130,167],"responses,":[132],"adaptation.":[135,234],"also":[137],"discussed":[138],"dual":[140],"nature":[141],"various":[143],"hormonal":[144,227],"axes,":[145],"differential":[147],"activity":[148],"estrogen":[150],"receptor":[151,158],"isoforms,":[152],"role":[154],"androgen":[157],"in":[159,186,225],"maintaining":[160],"self-renewal,":[161],"impact":[163],"glucocorticoids":[165],"reprogramming,":[169],"ability":[172],"melatonin":[174],"destabilize":[176],"stem-like":[177],"Finally,":[180],"discuss":[182],"sex-based":[184],"differences":[185],"GBM":[187,220,256],"incidence":[188],"outcome":[190],"-driven":[191],"both":[193],"biological":[194,253],"non-biological":[196],"factors-":[197],"influence":[198],"diagnosis,":[199],"access":[200],"treatment,":[202],"interpretations":[205],"global":[208],"epidemiology":[209],"glioblastoma.":[211],"Collectively,":[212],"conceptual":[216],"framework":[217],"redefines":[219],"an":[222],"endocrine-modulated":[223],"disease,":[224],"may":[229],"state":[233],"This":[235],"perspective":[236],"provides":[237],"basis":[239],"for":[240],"developing":[241],"strategies":[243],"target":[245],"shared":[246],"convergence":[248],"nodes":[249],"while":[250],"integrating":[251],"complexity":[254],"with":[257],"its":[258],"broader":[259],"clinical":[260],"socioeconomic":[262],"context.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00"}