{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220374475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.02.26364454","title":"Evidence synthesis on sex differences in mortality after traumatic brain injury: Systematic review integrating meta-analysis and explainable machine learning","display_name":"Evidence synthesis on sex differences in mortality after traumatic brain injury: Systematic review integrating meta-analysis and explainable machine learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220374475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.02.26364454"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.02.26364454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.02.26364454","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.02.26364454","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/05/2026.10.02.26364454.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/05/2026.10.02.26364454.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110994853","display_name":"Daniel Phan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7709-8725","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7709-8725"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799838188","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388446357","display_name":"KITE Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0055b3j94","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I4388446357"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Phan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7709-8725","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I4388446357"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157517611","display_name":"Yupeng Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2000-0694","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2000-0694"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799838188","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388446357","display_name":"KITE Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0055b3j94","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I4388446357"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yupeng Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2000-0694","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I4388446357"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123941911","display_name":"Urooba Shaikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9795-3972","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9795-3972"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799838188","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388446357","display_name":"KITE Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0055b3j94","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I4388446357"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Urooba Shaikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I4388446357"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157632152","display_name":"Nada Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5793-1715","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5793-1715"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799838188","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388446357","display_name":"KITE Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0055b3j94","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I4388446357"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nada Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5793-1715","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I4388446357"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051463160","display_name":"Tatyana Mollayeva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2787-1848","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2787-1848"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799838188","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388446357","display_name":"KITE Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0055b3j94","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I4388446357"]}],"countries":["CA","IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tatyana Mollayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada","Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2787-1848","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I4388446357"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051463160"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I205274468","https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I4388446357"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.8119999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.8119999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.15649999678134918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11467","display_name":"Trauma and Emergency Care Studies","score":0.01769999973475933,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traumatic-brain-injury","display_name":"traumatic brain injury","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality","display_name":"mortality","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-hospital-mortality","display_name":"in-hospital mortality","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-machine-learning","display_name":"explainable machine learning","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/study-heterogeneity","display_name":"study heterogeneity","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prognostic-tools","display_name":"prognostic tools","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-decision-support","display_name":"clinical decision support","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/study-quality","display_name":"study quality","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-as-confounder","display_name":"age as confounder","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-determinants-of-health","display_name":"social determinants of health","score":0.5249999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7204999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5875999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.4830999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781017439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995526","display_name":"Traumatic brain injury","level":2,"score":0.4426000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.4034999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.376800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119423318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7628405","display_name":"Study heterogeneity","level":3,"score":0.3361000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777984932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7336293","display_name":"Risk of mortality","level":2,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29374701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931388","display_name":"Cause of death","level":3,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61470247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7229825","display_name":"Population study","level":3,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.02.26364454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.02.26364454","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.02.26364454","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/05/2026.10.02.26364454.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.02.26364454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.02.26364454","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.02.26364454","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/05/2026.10.02.26364454.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8854279881","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CRC-2021-00074","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320994","funder_display_name":"Canada Research Chairs"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320994","display_name":"Canada Research Chairs","ror":"https://ror.org/0517h6h17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321074","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322015","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334506","display_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01gavpb45"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220374475.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220374475.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036740","https://openalex.org/W1535379795","https://openalex.org/W1965092590","https://openalex.org/W1966716734","https://openalex.org/W1970971357","https://openalex.org/W1972554618","https://openalex.org/W1978424134","https://openalex.org/W1979908320","https://openalex.org/W1980283223","https://openalex.org/W1987111435","https://openalex.org/W2016262610","https://openalex.org/W2018134623","https://openalex.org/W2025312053","https://openalex.org/W2032617629","https://openalex.org/W2036369115","https://openalex.org/W2058563075","https://openalex.org/W2059559111","https://openalex.org/W2062843110","https://openalex.org/W2070497752","https://openalex.org/W2071816578","https://openalex.org/W2075915945","https://openalex.org/W2101309294","https://openalex.org/W2119605658","https://openalex.org/W2122814783","https://openalex.org/W2125435699","https://openalex.org/W2126930838","https://openalex.org/W2154449833","https://openalex.org/W2302501749","https://openalex.org/W2303481434","https://openalex.org/W2343343747","https://openalex.org/W2413917432","https://openalex.org/W2497003251","https://openalex.org/W2594132042","https://openalex.org/W2604448873","https://openalex.org/W2742114330","https://openalex.org/W2765263643","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2891381594","https://openalex.org/W2900424636","https://openalex.org/W2915478013","https://openalex.org/W2942241196","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2981869278","https://openalex.org/W2990063148","https://openalex.org/W2999615587","https://openalex.org/W3043248219","https://openalex.org/W3060283453","https://openalex.org/W3081377440","https://openalex.org/W3084930104","https://openalex.org/W3093494259","https://openalex.org/W3107404799","https://openalex.org/W3157802181","https://openalex.org/W3182240913","https://openalex.org/W3200313320","https://openalex.org/W4281679558","https://openalex.org/W4286751617","https://openalex.org/W4297918764","https://openalex.org/W4317388187","https://openalex.org/W4321170165","https://openalex.org/W4323533866","https://openalex.org/W4366975023","https://openalex.org/W4378070480","https://openalex.org/W4381190638","https://openalex.org/W4386258269","https://openalex.org/W4387969794","https://openalex.org/W4390382473","https://openalex.org/W4392316635","https://openalex.org/W4394857110","https://openalex.org/W4398209394","https://openalex.org/W4400878829","https://openalex.org/W4404154213","https://openalex.org/W4410514047","https://openalex.org/W4413450936","https://openalex.org/W4414236982","https://openalex.org/W4417498541","https://openalex.org/W6962900009","https://openalex.org/W7131876103","https://openalex.org/W7143529055","https://openalex.org/W7155514674","https://openalex.org/W7164822795"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7155514674","https://openalex.org/W2000576773","https://openalex.org/W2413917432","https://openalex.org/W3182240913","https://openalex.org/W2018134623","https://openalex.org/W6902195494","https://openalex.org/W7138847452","https://openalex.org/W4306816441","https://openalex.org/W2463203271","https://openalex.org/W7119304638"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Sex":[1],"differences":[2,281,368,464],"in":[3,103,247,282,389,399,450,465],"mortality":[4,54,85,108,149,165,173,183,226,283,370],"after":[5,15,55,227,284],"traumatic":[6,285],"brain":[7,286],"injury":[8,19,23,93,287],"(TBI)":[9,288],"have":[10,433],"been":[11],"inconsistently":[12],"reported,":[13],"even":[14],"accounting":[16],"for":[17,34,82,88,171,270,321,435,447],"age,":[18,199,412],"severity,":[20],"and":[21,37,50,58,92,138,179,203,239,258,264,333,343,348,372,394,403,415,453,457],"other":[22],"related":[24],"factors.":[25],"Understanding":[26],"the":[27,38,101,142,253,326,352,363,390,401,419,455],"sources":[28],"of":[29,40,52,68,96,125,209,255,362,366,405,422,459],"this":[30,322],"heterogeneity":[31,191,233,388],"is":[32],"important":[33,123,207,382,397],"prognostic":[35,268],"research":[36],"development":[39],"data-driven":[41],"clinical":[42],"decision-support":[43],"tools.":[44],"We":[45,72,341,358],"conducted":[46,329,359],"a":[47,309,330,360,444],"systematic":[48,293,331],"review":[49,332],"meta-analysis":[51,335,361,385],"sex-specific":[53],"adult":[56,228],"TBI":[57,466],"used":[59,120],"explainable":[60,116,266,337],"machine":[61,338],"learning":[62,339],"(ML)":[63],"to":[64,78,121,245,300,380],"investigate":[65],"potential":[66],"modifiers":[67,124,208],"between-study":[69,232,374],"effect":[70,127,211],"estimates.":[71,128,212],"searched":[73],"eight":[74],"databases":[75],"from":[76,355],"inception":[77],"August":[79],"25,":[80],"2025,":[81],"studies":[83,134,461],"reporting":[84,295],"estimates":[86,109],"adjusted":[87],"at":[89],"least":[90],"age":[91],"severity.":[94],"Risk":[95],"bias":[97],"was":[98,168,222],"assessed":[99],"using":[100,112,351,376],"Quality":[102],"Prognosis":[104],"Studies":[105],"tool.":[106],"Male-to-female":[107],"were":[110,119,215],"pooled":[111,364],"random-effects":[113],"meta-analysis.":[114],"Three":[115],"ML":[117,196,236,378,409,441],"algorithms":[118,379],"identify":[122,381],"study-level":[126,411],"Among":[129],"9,418":[130],"records":[131],"identified,":[132],"21":[133,356],"comprising":[135],"899,813":[136],"participants":[137],"98,286":[139],"deaths":[140],"met":[141],"inclusion":[143],"criteria.":[144],"Pooled":[145],"analyses":[146],"showed":[147],"lower":[148,225],"among":[150,166],"females":[151,167],"than":[152],"males":[153],"(OR":[154,174,184],"0.88,":[155],"95%":[156,161,176,186],"CI":[157,162,177,187],"0.80-0.98;":[158],"HR":[159],"0.76,":[160],"0.59-0.98).":[163],"Lower":[164],"also":[169],"observed":[170],"in-hospital":[172],"0.86,":[175],"0.76-0.97)":[178],"overall":[180],"or":[181,314],"unspecified":[182],"0.83,":[185],"0.78-0.88).":[188],"Substantial":[189],"residual":[190],"remained":[192],"across":[193,217,427],"analyses.":[194,219,430],"Explainable":[195,235,408,440],"identified":[197,237,410],"mean":[198],"study":[200,204,259,315],"sex":[201,221,280,297,367,393,413,463],"composition,":[202,414],"quality":[205,417],"as":[206,418],"reported":[210,248,406],"These":[213,250],"findings":[214,251,426,432],"consistent":[216,425],"sensitivity":[218,429],"Female":[220],"associated":[223],"with":[224,291,336,396,424],"TBI,":[229],"although":[230],"substantial":[231,387],"remained.":[234],"demographic":[238],"methodological":[240,416],"factors":[241,317,350],"that":[242],"may":[243,318,442],"contribute":[244],"variation":[246,398],"associations.":[249],"highlight":[252],"importance":[254],"population":[256],"characteristics":[257],"context":[260],"when":[261],"developing,":[262],"validating,":[263],"interpreting":[265,448],"digital":[267,437],"tools":[269],"TBI.":[271],"PROSPERO:":[272],"CRD420251252136.":[273],"Author":[274],"Summary":[275],"Existing":[276],"evidence":[277,452],"syntheses":[278],"on":[279,311,369],"remains":[289],"inconclusive,":[290],"some":[292],"reviews":[294],"female":[296],"being":[298],"protective":[299],"mortality,":[301,395],"while":[302],"others":[303],"showing":[304],"no":[305],"differences.":[306],"This":[307],"raised":[308],"question":[310],"whether":[312],"social":[313,347],"methodology":[316],"be":[319,443],"responsible":[320],"heterogeneity.":[323],"To":[324],"answer":[325],"question,":[327],"we":[328],"integrated":[334],"(ML).":[340],"extracted":[342],"organized":[344],"data":[345],"concerning":[346],"cohort-related":[349],"PROGRESS-Plus":[353],"framework":[354],"studies.":[357],"effects":[365],"outcomes":[371],"explored":[373],"heterogeneity,":[375,423],"three":[377],"modifiers.":[383],"Our":[384,431],"confirmed":[386],"association":[391],"between":[392],"both":[400],"magnitude":[402],"direction":[404],"effects.":[407],"major":[420],"drivers":[421],"several":[428],"implications":[434],"future":[436,460],"health":[438],"research.":[439],"useful":[445],"tool":[446],"variability":[449],"existing":[451],"informing":[454],"design":[456],"interpretation":[458],"examining":[462],"outcomes.":[467]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00"}