{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220369710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009867/v1","title":"Selective Operando Visualization of Ultrathin Lithium in Li-Metal Batteries by Neutron Capture Imaging","display_name":"Selective Operando Visualization of Ultrathin Lithium in Li-Metal Batteries by Neutron Capture Imaging","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220369710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009867/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15009867/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009867/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009867/v1","pdf_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009867/v1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918830","display_name":"ChemRxiv","issn_l":"2573-2293","issn":["2573-2293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009867/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115593450","display_name":"Xiaolong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9210-5501","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9210-5501"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802229908","display_name":"Paul Scherrer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03eh3y714","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I2802229908"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9210-5501","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802229908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116150107","display_name":"Leon Skarjan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-1742","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-1742"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802229908","display_name":"Paul Scherrer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03eh3y714","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I2802229908"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leon Skarjan","raw_affiliation_strings":["PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-1742","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802229908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024984893","display_name":"Eric Ricardo Carre\u00f3n Ruiz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9527-2890","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9527-2890"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802229908","display_name":"Paul Scherrer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03eh3y714","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I2802229908"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo Carreon","raw_affiliation_strings":["PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9527-2890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802229908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100341478","display_name":"Jongmin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9751-0186","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9751-0186"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802229908","display_name":"Paul Scherrer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03eh3y714","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I2802229908"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jongmin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9751-0186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802229908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088521783","display_name":"Andreas Borgschulte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6250-4667","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6250-4667"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71824836","display_name":"Empa","ror":"https://ror.org/02x681a42","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Borgschulte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chemical Energy Carriers and Vehicle Systems Laboratory","Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6250-4667","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemical Energy Carriers and Vehicle Systems Laboratory","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084722596","display_name":"Thomas J. Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1636-367X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1636-367X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802229908","display_name":"Paul Scherrer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03eh3y714","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I2802229908"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405254265","display_name":"Institute of Molecular Physical Science","ror":"https://ror.org/01m0th787","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I4405254265"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas J. Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich","Institute for Molecular Physical Sciences","PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1636-367X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Molecular Physical Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405254265"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802229908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036685270","display_name":"Markus Str\u00f6bl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9315-8787","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9315-8787"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802229908","display_name":"Paul Scherrer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03eh3y714","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I2802229908"]}],"countries":["CH","DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Strobl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Niels Bohr Institute","PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences","University of Copenhagen"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9315-8787","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Niels Bohr Institute","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802229908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Copenhagen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007910763","display_name":"Sigita Trabesinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5878-300X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5878-300X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802229908","display_name":"Paul Scherrer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03eh3y714","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I2802229908"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sigita Trabesinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5878-300X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802229908"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056309449","display_name":"Pierre Boillat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5683-8086","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5683-8086"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802229908","display_name":"Paul Scherrer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03eh3y714","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I2802229908"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierre Boillat","raw_affiliation_strings":["PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences","PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5683-8086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802229908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802229908"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11949","display_name":"Nuclear Physics and Applications","score":0.5708000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11949","display_name":"Nuclear Physics and Applications","score":0.5708000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10281","display_name":"Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies","score":0.3402999937534332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10018","display_name":"Advancements in Battery Materials","score":0.023399999365210533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-metal-batteries","display_name":"lithium metal batteries","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-plating-stripping","display_name":"lithium plating/stripping","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interfacial-dynamics","display_name":"interfacial dynamics","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operando-imaging","display_name":"operando imaging","score":0.4569999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41952129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7624159","display_name":"Stripping (fiber)","level":2,"score":0.7239000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778541603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152763","display_name":"Lithium (medication)","level":2,"score":0.7106000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30421969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064418","display_name":"Neutron capture","level":3,"score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142923127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12202639","display_name":"Neutron imaging","level":3,"score":0.541700005531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877","display_name":"Electrochemistry","level":3,"score":0.5098999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152568617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2348","display_name":"Neutron","level":2,"score":0.4390999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132543647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80097","display_name":"Electrochemical cell","level":4,"score":0.40139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119666444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5977280","display_name":"Temporal resolution","level":2,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.33410000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777822432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216681","display_name":"In situ","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544153396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426","display_name":"Metal","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020199158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"High resolution","level":2,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190729725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5012817","display_name":"CLs upper limits","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193619082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468718","display_name":"Isotopes of lithium","level":4,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15009867/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009867/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009867/v1","pdf_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009867/v1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918830","display_name":"ChemRxiv","issn_l":"2573-2293","issn":["2573-2293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15009867/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009867/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009867/v1","pdf_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009867/v1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918830","display_name":"ChemRxiv","issn_l":"2573-2293","issn":["2573-2293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3499030464","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101104032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G968358089","display_name":"OPerando analyses and modelling of INterface dynamics and CHARGE transport in lithium-ion batteries","funder_award_id":"101104032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335238","display_name":"Staatssekretariat f\u00fcr Bildung, Forschung und Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/01kw63t33"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220369710.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220369710.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016250644","https://openalex.org/W2570780803","https://openalex.org/W2621553322","https://openalex.org/W4398762733"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414051549","https://openalex.org/W4386866962","https://openalex.org/W2583999040","https://openalex.org/W4385298978","https://openalex.org/W2791931494","https://openalex.org/W4405593404","https://openalex.org/W4205923367","https://openalex.org/W3101247356","https://openalex.org/W4417506711","https://openalex.org/W2807951149"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Operando":[0,92],"visualization":[1],"of":[2,53,125],"ultrathin":[3,146],"lithium":[4,25,104,126,137,148],"is":[5],"essential":[6],"for":[7,23,66,122,132],"understanding":[8],"plating":[9,105],"and":[10,56,71,106,139],"stripping":[11,107],"in":[12,47,94,108,150],"lithium-metal":[13],"batteries,":[14,128],"but":[15],"existing":[16],"neutron":[17,35,45],"imaging":[18,37,73],"techniques":[19],"lack":[20],"sufficient":[21],"sensitivity":[22,62],"ultra-thin":[24],"layers":[26,149],"formed":[27],"at":[28],"crucial":[29],"early":[30],"stages.":[31],"Here":[32],"we":[33],"introduce":[34],"capture":[36,46],"(NCI),":[38],"which":[39],"selectively":[40],"detects":[41],"tritons":[42],"generated":[43],"by":[44],"6":[48,59,98],"Li.":[49],"Ex":[50],"situ":[51],"measurements":[52,93],"electrochemically":[54],"plated":[55],"thermally":[57],"evaporated":[58],"Li":[60,99],"demonstrate":[61],"around":[63,75],"10":[64],"nm":[65],"a":[67,118],"1.5":[68],"h":[69],"acquisition":[70],"two-dimensional":[72],"with":[74,110,142],"100":[76],"\u03bcm":[77,88],"lateral":[78],"resolution.":[79],"Simulations":[80],"indicate":[81],"that":[82],"the":[83],"resolution":[84],"could":[85],"approach":[86],"25":[87],"through":[89],"optical":[90],"optimization.":[91],"an":[95],"asymmetric":[96],"Cu||":[97],"cell":[100],"reveal":[101],"spatially":[102],"heterogeneous":[103],"agreement":[109],"electrochemical":[111,151],"data.":[112],"Our":[113],"results":[114],"establish":[115],"NCI":[116],"as":[117],"high-sensitivity,":[119],"near-zero-background":[120],"tool":[121],"operando":[123],"studies":[124],"metal":[127],"opening":[129],"new":[130],"possibilities":[131],"resolving":[133],"early-stage":[134],"deposition,":[135],"dead":[136],"formation,":[138],"interfacial":[140],"dynamics":[141],"broad":[143],"applicability":[144],"to":[145],"reactive":[147],"systems.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00"}
