{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220357475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/cmi.cmi_91_26","title":"Sonological Correlation of the Caudal Block Triangle with Surface Anatomy in Children Under Two Years: A Cross-sectional Study","display_name":"Sonological Correlation of the Caudal Block Triangle with Surface Anatomy in Children Under Two Years: A Cross-sectional Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220357475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/cmi.cmi_91_26"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/cmi.cmi_91_26","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/cmi.cmi_91_26","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/cmi.cmi_91_26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200412","display_name":"Current Medical Issues","issn_l":"0973-4651","issn":["0973-4651","2666-4054"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Medical Issues","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/cmi.cmi_91_26","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112496473","display_name":"Leah Raju George","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172917736","display_name":"Christian Medical College, Vellore","ror":"https://ror.org/00c7kvd80","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172917736"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leah Raju George","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesia, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesia, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172917736"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157408386","display_name":"V. J. Abishek","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172917736","display_name":"Christian Medical College, Vellore","ror":"https://ror.org/00c7kvd80","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172917736"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. J. Abishek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesia, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesia, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172917736"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050537477","display_name":"Shruthi Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6216-927X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6216-927X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172917736","display_name":"Christian Medical College, Vellore","ror":"https://ror.org/00c7kvd80","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172917736"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shruthi Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesia, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesia, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172917736"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114074704","display_name":"Novin Chacko John","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Novin C. John","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesia, Believers Church Medical College Hospital, Thiruvalla, Kerala, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesia, Believers Church Medical College Hospital, Thiruvalla, Kerala, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048432153","display_name":"Ekta Rai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5096-7429","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5096-7429"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172917736","display_name":"Christian Medical College, Vellore","ror":"https://ror.org/00c7kvd80","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172917736"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ekta Rai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesia, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesia, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172917736"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"535","last_page":"538"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10189","display_name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10189","display_name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11738","display_name":"Ultrasound in Clinical Applications","score":0.005799999926239252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10436","display_name":"Anesthesia and Sedative Agents","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caudal-block","display_name":"caudal block","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sacral-hiatus","display_name":"sacral hiatus","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-landmarks","display_name":"surface landmarks","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound-guided-localization","display_name":"ultrasound-guided localization","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-anesthesia","display_name":"pediatric anesthesia","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infants","display_name":"infants","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anorectal-surgery","display_name":"anorectal surgery","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urogenital-surgery","display_name":"urogenital surgery","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark-technique","display_name":"landmark technique","score":0.4230000078678131}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.7342000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6881999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.5371000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146786541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157002","display_name":"Equilateral triangle","level":2,"score":0.524399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4993000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.48890000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018385824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2910873","display_name":"Anatomical landmark","level":2,"score":0.42980000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779455797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233316","display_name":"Sacrum","level":2,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4770166","display_name":"Anorectal anomalies","level":2,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776382857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193176","display_name":"Coccyx","level":3,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529618451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234904","display_name":"Ultrasonography","level":2,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189914332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3545415","display_name":"Surface anatomy","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7146039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3624375","display_name":"Lumbosacral joint","level":2,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98653994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875937","display_name":"Isosceles triangle","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779273159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771403","display_name":"Anterior superior iliac spine","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4103/cmi.cmi_91_26","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/cmi.cmi_91_26","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/cmi.cmi_91_26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200412","display_name":"Current Medical Issues","issn_l":"0973-4651","issn":["0973-4651","2666-4054"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Medical Issues","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/cmi.cmi_91_26","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/cmi.cmi_91_26","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/cmi.cmi_91_26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200412","display_name":"Current Medical Issues","issn_l":"0973-4651","issn":["0973-4651","2666-4054"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Medical Issues","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9789000153541565}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1659031623","https://openalex.org/W1893650623","https://openalex.org/W1970108324","https://openalex.org/W2010093963","https://openalex.org/W2038039866","https://openalex.org/W2047928641","https://openalex.org/W2072590207","https://openalex.org/W2313980645","https://openalex.org/W4385840543"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1659031623","https://openalex.org/W2313980645","https://openalex.org/W1984225604","https://openalex.org/W2072590207","https://openalex.org/W2474528418","https://openalex.org/W3014676856","https://openalex.org/W1982158609","https://openalex.org/W2911058356","https://openalex.org/W2485414640","https://openalex.org/W4410790410"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background:":[1],"Caudal":[2],"epidural":[3],"block":[4,97,135,187],"is":[5,189],"commonly":[6,139,191],"used":[7],"for":[8,179],"infraumbilical":[9],"surgeries":[10],"in":[11,39,87,118,129,141,171,196],"children,":[12],"with":[13,101,168],"the":[14,23,40,51,59,64,95,102,110,119,156,162],"sacral":[15,29,60,111,157],"hiatus":[16,158],"traditionally":[17],"identified":[18,100],"using":[19],"surface":[20,163],"landmarks":[21],"of":[22,34,58,70,77,92,109,131,145,150,155,176],"posterior":[24],"superior":[25],"iliac":[26],"spines":[27],"and":[28,55,125,182],"cornua.":[30],"Ultrasound":[31],"enables":[32],"verification":[33],"this":[35,88,197],"technique,":[36,104],"though":[37],"data":[38],"Indian":[41],"pediatric":[42],"population":[43,144],"are":[44],"limited.":[45],"This":[46],"prospective":[47],"cross-sectional":[48],"study":[49,65,143],"evaluated":[50],"correlation":[52],"between":[53],"landmark-based":[54],"ultrasound":[56,126],"identification":[57,170],"hiatus.":[61,112],"Methodology:":[62],"During":[63],"period,":[66],"159":[67],"American":[68],"Society":[69],"Anesthesiologists":[71],"I\u2013II":[72],"children":[73,146,172],"under":[74,147,173],"2":[75,148,174],"years":[76,149,175],"age":[78,177],"undergoing":[79],"elective":[80,180],"anorectal":[81,181],"or":[82],"urogenital":[83,183],"surgery":[84],"were":[85,116],"included":[86],"study.":[89],"After":[90],"induction":[91],"general":[93],"anesthesia,":[94],"caudal":[96,134,186],"triangle":[98,136,188],"was":[99,137],"landmark":[103,164],"followed":[105],"by":[106,161],"ultrasound-guided":[107],"localization":[108],"The":[113,133,153,185],"triangle\u2019s":[114],"sides":[115],"measured":[117],"left":[120],"lateral":[121],"position.":[122],"Results:":[123],"Landmark":[124],"findings":[127],"corresponded":[128],"96.8%":[130],"cases.":[132],"most":[138,190],"isosceles":[140,192],"our":[142],"age.":[151],"Conclusion:":[152],"location":[154],"as":[159],"determined":[160],"technique":[165],"correlates":[166],"well":[167],"sonological":[169],"presenting":[178],"surgery.":[184],"rather":[193],"than":[194],"equilateral":[195],"population.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00"}