{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220349141","doi":null,"title":"Lakurawa Jihadists Militia: A Threat to Security and Socioeconomic Development in Sokoto State, Nigeria","display_name":"Lakurawa Jihadists Militia: A Threat to Security and Socioeconomic Development in Sokoto State, Nigeria","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220349141"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.rsujs.com:article/23","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://rsujs.com/publications/index.php/rsujs/article/view/23","pdf_url":"https://rsujs.com/publications/index.php/rsujs/article/download/23/23","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407080559","display_name":"Rivers State University Journal of Society","issn_l":"1597-1880","issn":["1597-1880"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"1597-1880","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://rsujs.com/publications/index.php/rsujs/article/download/23/23","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128345865","display_name":"Ahmed Rufa\u2019i Usman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387156178","display_name":"Federal University Dutse","ror":"https://ror.org/0278jft56","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387156178"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usman, Ahmed Rufa\u2019i","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University, Dutse-Jigawa State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University, Dutse-Jigawa State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387156178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109393376","display_name":"Samaila Shehu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129379329","display_name":"Sokoto State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zgr4s34","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129379329"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shehu, Samaila","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sokoto State University, Sokoto State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sokoto State University, Sokoto State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129379329"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152666045","display_name":"Sani Jalige Kumo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387156178","display_name":"Federal University Dutse","ror":"https://ror.org/0278jft56","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387156178"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kumo, Sani Jalige","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University, Dutse-Jigawa State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University, Dutse-Jigawa State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387156178"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.8295999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.8295999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14111","display_name":"Diverse Research Studies Overview","score":0.1687999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13019","display_name":"African Studies and Geopolitics","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrorism","display_name":"terrorism","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-threats","display_name":"security threats","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socio-economic-development","display_name":"socio-economic development","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-insecurity","display_name":"food insecurity","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pastoralism","display_name":"pastoralism","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weapons-proliferation","display_name":"arms proliferation","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sahel","display_name":"Sahel","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routine-activity-theory","display_name":"routine activity theory","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vigilante-groups","display_name":"vigilante groups","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boko-haram","display_name":"Boko Haram","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sokoto-state","display_name":"Sokoto State","score":0.7080000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4445939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432","display_name":"Islam","level":2,"score":0.6590999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6265000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6180999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17616946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9056738","display_name":"Pastoralism","level":3,"score":0.586899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.579800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.5625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.475600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.4611000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779872411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774161","display_name":"International community","level":3,"score":0.43389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4278999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780570456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192623","display_name":"Looting","level":2,"score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.42250001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4065999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777054862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q392160","display_name":"Failed state","level":3,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186229450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42008","display_name":"Sovereignty","level":3,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779449393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302285","display_name":"Human security","level":2,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165341840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3624078","display_name":"Sovereign state","level":4,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C549605437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229911","display_name":"Food security","level":3,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778589402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168247","display_name":"Famine","level":2,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510578393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323212","display_name":"Insurgency","level":3,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775907854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444961","display_name":"Security forces","level":3,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779288016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216227","display_name":"State of emergency","level":3,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42298096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomic development","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100363876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690661","display_name":"Nonprobability sampling","level":3,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.rsujs.com:article/23","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://rsujs.com/publications/index.php/rsujs/article/view/23","pdf_url":"https://rsujs.com/publications/index.php/rsujs/article/download/23/23","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407080559","display_name":"Rivers State University Journal of Society","issn_l":"1597-1880","issn":["1597-1880"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"1597-1880","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.rsujs.com:article/23","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://rsujs.com/publications/index.php/rsujs/article/view/23","pdf_url":"https://rsujs.com/publications/index.php/rsujs/article/download/23/23","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407080559","display_name":"Rivers State University Journal of Society","issn_l":"1597-1880","issn":["1597-1880"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"1597-1880","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220349141.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220349141.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388284526","https://openalex.org/W7223048243","https://openalex.org/W7117550965","https://openalex.org/W7164651225","https://openalex.org/W4406762865","https://openalex.org/W7117712987","https://openalex.org/W6949241208","https://openalex.org/W6993083261","https://openalex.org/W7214635833","https://openalex.org/W2526160192"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,57,73,100,107,143,154,236],"study":[1,158,201],"examined":[2],"Lakurawa":[3,60,74,101,178,207,255],"militia":[4,32,208],"and":[5,10,20,51,54,137,164,215,229,265,272],"its":[6,151],"threat":[7],"to":[8,25,88,126,226],"security":[9],"development":[11],"in":[12,34,63,97,184,209,221,232,252,269],"Sokoto":[13,174,210],"State,":[14],"Nigeria.":[15],"Arms":[16],"proliferation,":[17],"large":[18],"forest":[19],"ungoverned":[21],"spaces":[22],"have":[23],"led":[24],"the":[26,29,67,70,89,98,110,146,157,165,186,192,200,204,218,222,233,248,254],"emergence":[27],"of":[28,49,59,69,109,156,173,199,206,250],"so-called":[30],"Jihadists":[31],"groups":[33,96],"Nigeria":[35,251],"such":[36],"as":[37,104,150,217],"Lakurawa,":[38],"Boko":[39],"Haram,":[40],"Ansaru,":[41],"Islamic":[42,47],"State":[43,48,175],"West":[44],"Africa":[45],"Province(ISWAP),":[46],"Iraq":[50],"Syria":[52],"(ISIS)":[53],"armed":[55],"bandits.":[56],"presence":[58],"terrorist":[61],"group":[62,111],"Nigerian":[64,71],"territory":[65],"question":[66],"sovereignty":[68],"state.":[72,223],"operates":[75],"along":[76,246,262],"Niger-Nigeria":[77],"border":[78],"communities":[79],"originating":[80],"from":[81,113],"Sahelian":[82,117],"countries":[83],"with":[84,247],"a":[85],"strong":[86],"claim":[87],"Jihadist":[90],"culture":[91],"like":[92,129],"other":[93],"extreme":[94],"Jihadis":[95],"Sahel.":[99],"is":[102,212,258],"known":[103],"Jama\u2019atul":[105],"Musulumina.":[106],"members":[108],"came":[112],"different":[114],"nationals":[115],"among":[116,239],"countries.":[118],"They":[119],"used":[120,183],"sophisticated":[121],"weapons":[122],"given":[123],"them":[124],"advantage":[125],"commit":[127],"atrocities":[128],"killing,":[130],"maiming,":[131],"kidnapping,":[132],"cattle":[133],"rustling,":[134],"mass":[135],"looting":[136],"raiding":[138],"villages":[139],"across":[140],"Nigeria-Niger":[141,263],"borders.":[142],"paper":[144,237],"adopted":[145],"Routine":[147],"Activity":[148],"Theory":[149],"theoretical":[152],"framework.":[153],"population":[155],"include:":[159],"vigilante":[160],"group,":[161],"community":[162],"leaders":[163],"general":[166],"public":[167],"residing":[168],"at":[169],"Tangaza,":[170],"local":[171],"government":[172,242],"affected":[176,234],"by":[177],"militia.":[179],"Purposive":[180],"sampling":[181],"was":[182,191],"selecting":[185],"participants,":[187],"in-depth":[188],"interview":[189],"(IDI)":[190],"major":[193,219],"instrument":[194],"for":[195],"data":[196],"collection.":[197],"Findings":[198],"revealed":[202],"that,":[203],"activities":[205],"state":[211],"affecting":[213],"farming":[214],"pastoralism":[216],"occupations":[220],"This":[224,257],"leads":[225],"poverty,":[227],"hunger":[228],"food":[230],"insecurity":[231],"communities.":[235],"recommends":[238],"others":[240],"that;":[241],"should":[243],"intensify":[244],"efforts":[245],"Republic":[249],"combating":[253],"terrorist.":[256],"because":[259],"they":[260],"operate":[261],"boarder":[264],"it":[266],"will":[267],"help":[268],"maintaining":[270],"law":[271],"order.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00"}