{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220293198","doi":null,"title":"\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e12\u0e19\u0e32\u0e02\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e19\u0e33\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e19\u0e27\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e02\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e16\u0e21\u0e28\u0e36\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e28\u0e36\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e23\u0e48","display_name":"\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e12\u0e19\u0e32\u0e02\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e19\u0e33\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e41\u0e19\u0e27\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e02\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e14\u0e49\u0e27\u0e22\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e21\u0e27\u0e25\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e49\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e16\u0e21\u0e28\u0e36\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e28\u0e36\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e49\u0e32\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e48\u0e32\u0e44\u0e23\u0e48","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220293198"},"language":"th","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:so13.tci-thaijo.org:article/3118","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://so13.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ajgs/article/view/3118","pdf_url":"https://so13.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ajgs/article/download/3118/3140","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407055900","display_name":"\u0e27\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e27\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e13\u0e11\u0e34\u0e15\u0e28\u0e36\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32","issn_l":"3027-8686","issn":["3027-8686","3027-8740"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210154509","host_organization_name":"Surindra Rajabhat University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154509"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3027-8686","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://so13.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ajgs/article/download/3118/3140","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157231559","display_name":"Thidararat Sitthi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138454","display_name":"Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University","ror":"https://ror.org/0408gh695","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138454"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sitthi, Thidararat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Program of Computer Education , The Faculty of Education , Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Program of Computer Education , The Faculty of Education , Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138454"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072054104","display_name":"Wudhijaya Philuek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1931-6633","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1931-6633"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138454","display_name":"Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University","ror":"https://ror.org/0408gh695","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138454"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philuek, Wudhijaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Program of Computer Education , The Faculty of Education , Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Program of Computer Education , The Faculty of Education , Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138454"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004993551","display_name":"Chayan Nuntawong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6215-0061","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6215-0061"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138454","display_name":"Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University","ror":"https://ror.org/0408gh695","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138454"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuntawong, Chayan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Program of Computer Education , The Faculty of Education , Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Program of Computer Education , The Faculty of Education , Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138454"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138454"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12070","display_name":"Writing and Handwriting Education","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"image processing","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"handwriting recognition","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trigram-models","display_name":"trigram language model","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"convolutional neural networks","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zipf-s-law","display_name":"Zipf's law","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary-knowledge","display_name":"vocabulary knowledge","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-categorization","display_name":"word classification","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence-ordering","display_name":"sentence ordering","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-elementary-students","display_name":"upper elementary students","score":0.7919999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7247999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6563000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6359000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.6097000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.6028000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.5996000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138602881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2709591","display_name":"Confusion matrix","level":2,"score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.37950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49895821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227368","display_name":"Data verification","level":2,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137546455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3213474","display_name":"Trigram","level":2,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78148190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8192","display_name":"Writing system","level":2,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777206241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194431","display_name":"Paragraph","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:so13.tci-thaijo.org:article/3118","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://so13.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ajgs/article/view/3118","pdf_url":"https://so13.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ajgs/article/download/3118/3140","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407055900","display_name":"\u0e27\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e27\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e13\u0e11\u0e34\u0e15\u0e28\u0e36\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32","issn_l":"3027-8686","issn":["3027-8686","3027-8740"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210154509","host_organization_name":"Surindra Rajabhat University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154509"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3027-8686","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:so13.tci-thaijo.org:article/3118","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://so13.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ajgs/article/view/3118","pdf_url":"https://so13.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ajgs/article/download/3118/3140","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407055900","display_name":"\u0e27\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e27\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e13\u0e11\u0e34\u0e15\u0e28\u0e36\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32","issn_l":"3027-8686","issn":["3027-8686","3027-8740"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210154509","host_organization_name":"Surindra Rajabhat University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154509"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3027-8686","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9235000014305115,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220293198.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220293198.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112796928"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7216754294","https://openalex.org/W7219212216","https://openalex.org/W7219291837","https://openalex.org/W7215417720","https://openalex.org/W7215303741","https://openalex.org/W7220502552","https://openalex.org/W7219960418","https://openalex.org/W7215425823","https://openalex.org/W7219300636","https://openalex.org/W7219506999"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"research":[1,94],"aims":[2],"to":[3,21,150,160,241],"1)":[4,99],"Apply":[5,15],"Zipf\u2019s":[6,103],"Law":[7,104],"in":[8,18,105,204],"the":[9,111,162,170,205],"analysis":[10],"of":[11,52,102,113,135,234,245],"Thai":[12,23,31,42,53,74,107,182,222],"vocabulary,":[13],"2)":[14,132],"language":[16,138],"patterns":[17],"word":[19],"classification":[20,112],"examine":[22],"writing,":[24,33],"3)":[25,176],"Develop":[26],"a":[27,73,77,136,237,242],"system":[28],"for":[29,38,180,208,219],"checking":[30,181],"sentence":[32,183],"and":[34,90,129,144,156,190,197,212],"4)":[35,215],"Propose":[36],"guidelines":[37,218],"using":[39,220],"image":[40],"processing-based":[41],"writing":[43,54,78,82,184,223],"verification":[44,83,224],"through":[45],"quantitative":[46],"research.":[47],"The":[48,93,100,133,177,216],"studied":[49],"data":[50,172],"consisted":[51],"samples":[55],"from":[56,153],"37":[57],"upper-elementary":[58],"students":[59],"(late":[60],"primary":[61],"level)":[62],"at":[63],"Ban":[64],"San":[65],"Parai":[66],"School,":[67],"Tak":[68],"Province.":[69],"Research":[70],"instruments":[71],"included":[72],"vocabulary":[75,108],"test,":[76,79],"an":[80,186,230],"image-processing-based":[81,221],"system,":[84],"descriptive":[85],"statistics,":[86],"model":[87,139],"performance":[88],"testing,":[89],"expert":[91],"validation.":[92],"findings":[95],"were":[96,201,225],"as":[97],"follows:":[98],"application":[101,134],"analyzing":[106],"knowledge":[109],"enabled":[110],"words":[114,152],"into":[115],"4":[116],"groups":[117],"based":[118],"on":[119,194],"quartiles:":[120],"most":[121],"frequently":[122],"written":[123],"words,":[124,126,128],"easy":[125],"medium":[127],"difficult":[130],"words.":[131],"Trigram":[137],"combined":[140],"with":[141,165,229],"handwriting":[142],"recognition":[143],"Convolutional":[145],"Neural":[146],"Network":[147],"was":[148],"able":[149],"classify":[151],"handwritten":[154],"images":[155],"correctly":[157],"reorder":[158],"them":[159],"match":[161],"original":[163],"sentences":[164],"100%":[166],"accuracy,":[167],"even":[168],"when":[169],"input":[171],"had":[173],"uncertain":[174],"ordering.":[175],"developed":[178],"algorithm":[179],"achieved":[185],"Accuracy,":[187],"Precision,":[188],"Recall,":[189],"F1-score":[191],"=":[192],"1.0":[193],"both":[195,209],"training":[196],"test":[198],"sets.":[199],"There":[200],"no":[202],"errors":[203],"Confusion":[206],"Matrix":[207],"Sentence":[210,213],"1":[211],"2.":[214],"proposed":[217],"deemed":[226],"highly":[227],"appropriate,":[228],"average":[231],"suitability":[232],"score":[233],"4.40":[235],"(on":[236],"5-point":[238],"scale),":[239],"corresponding":[240],"\u201chigh\u201d":[243],"level":[244],"appropriateness.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00"}