{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220249092","doi":null,"title":"IMPACT OF ARMED CONFLICT ON THE NIGERIAN ENVIRONMENT","display_name":"IMPACT OF ARMED CONFLICT ON THE NIGERIAN ENVIRONMENT","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220249092"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.runlawjournals.com:article/90","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://runlawjournals.com/index.php/pplrunlaw/article/view/90","pdf_url":"https://runlawjournals.com/index.php/pplrunlaw/article/download/90/73","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407078324","display_name":"PPLRUNLAW REVIEW","issn_l":"2971-5814","issn":["2971-5814"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2971-5814","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://runlawjournals.com/index.php/pplrunlaw/article/download/90/73","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113842963","display_name":"Oluwatosin Akinola Ajibade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8581-609X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8581-609X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799835767","display_name":"Adeleke University","ror":"https://ror.org/03gnb6c23","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799835767"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajibade, Oluwatosin A.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799835767"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5156856315","display_name":"Hon. Justice Adedotun Onibokun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35601441","display_name":"Osun State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00e16h982","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35601441"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Onibokun, Hon. Justice Adedotun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osun State Judiciary, Osogbo, Osun State"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osun State Judiciary, Osogbo, Osun State","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35601441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66266787,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14372","display_name":"Environmental and Biological Research in Conflict Zones","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14372","display_name":"Environmental and Biological Research in Conflict Zones","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13756","display_name":"International Environmental Law and Policies","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11755","display_name":"Transboundary Water Resource Management","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nigerian-civil-war","display_name":"Nigerian Civil War","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boko-haram-insurgency","display_name":"Boko Haram insurgency","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-pollution","display_name":"environmental pollution","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drought","display_name":"drought","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desertification","display_name":"desertification","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deforestation","display_name":"deforestation","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-protection-law","display_name":"environmental protection law","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-environmental-law","display_name":"international environmental law","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-accountability","display_name":"environmental accountability","score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-sanctions","display_name":"environmental sanctions","score":0.3709999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5705999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019338729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198","display_name":"Armed conflict","level":2,"score":0.5648999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510578393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323212","display_name":"Insurgency","level":3,"score":0.4036000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779455057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049876","display_name":"Environmental security","level":2,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3589000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778025104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408004","display_name":"Toll","level":2,"score":0.3447999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777381055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308922","display_name":"Damages","level":2,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991839399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96476851","display_name":"Death toll","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164749845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320389","display_name":"Environmental impact assessment","level":2,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81631423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128069549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328798","display_name":"Environmental law","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778573023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381148","display_name":"International humanitarian law","level":3,"score":0.2694999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198428699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334780","display_name":"Environmental degradation","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779449393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302285","display_name":"Human security","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59411770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242560","display_name":"Biological warfare","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778560467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1479527","display_name":"Environmental justice","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019602066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212372","display_name":"Boko haram","level":4,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.runlawjournals.com:article/90","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://runlawjournals.com/index.php/pplrunlaw/article/view/90","pdf_url":"https://runlawjournals.com/index.php/pplrunlaw/article/download/90/73","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407078324","display_name":"PPLRUNLAW REVIEW","issn_l":"2971-5814","issn":["2971-5814"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2971-5814","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.runlawjournals.com:article/90","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://runlawjournals.com/index.php/pplrunlaw/article/view/90","pdf_url":"https://runlawjournals.com/index.php/pplrunlaw/article/download/90/73","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407078324","display_name":"PPLRUNLAW REVIEW","issn_l":"2971-5814","issn":["2971-5814"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2971-5814","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220249092.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220249092.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nigeria":[0,89],"has":[1],"experienced":[2],"numerous":[3],"conflicts":[4,72,87],"both":[5],"before":[6],"and":[7,59,78,94,129,148,183],"after":[8],"its":[9],"formation":[10],"as":[11,56],"a":[12,29,44,110,177],"nation,":[13],"with":[14],"varying":[15],"levels":[16],"of":[17,61,70,85,136,173,189,198,201],"severity.":[18],"The":[19,39,80,194],"country's":[20],"civil":[21],"war":[22],"from":[23],"1967":[24],"to":[25,120,127,141,163,169,180,184],"1970":[26],"resulted":[27],"in":[28,49,88],"staggering":[30],"death":[31],"toll":[32],"estimated":[33],"at":[34],"over":[35],"100":[36],"million":[37],"people.":[38],"Boko":[40],"Haram":[41],"insurgency":[42],"poses":[43],"significant":[45,82,178],"security":[46],"threat,":[47],"particularly":[48,103],"the":[50,67,100,131,164,171,181,186,190,199],"northeast,":[51],"where":[52],"violent":[53],"crimes":[54],"such":[55],"bombings,":[57],"kidnappings,":[58],"killings":[60],"unarmed":[62],"civilians":[63],"are":[64,90,102],"commonplace.":[65],"Unfortunately,":[66],"environmental":[68,83,123,143],"consequences":[69,200],"these":[71],"often":[73],"go":[74],"unreported,":[75],"undocumented,":[76],"unpublished,":[77],"unspoken.":[79],"most":[81],"impacts":[84],"armed":[86,161,202],"pollution,":[91],"drought,":[92],"desertification,":[93],"deforestation.":[95],"These":[96],"negative":[97],"effects":[98],"on":[99,113],"environment":[101,182,191],"alarming":[104],"since":[105],"polluted":[106],"environments":[107],"can":[108],"have":[109],"detrimental":[111],"impact":[112],"human":[114],"health.":[115],"Therefore,":[116],"it":[117],"is":[118],"crucial":[119],"establish":[121],"an":[122],"protection":[124],"legal":[125],"framework":[126],"preserve":[128],"conserve":[130],"environment,":[132],"even":[133],"during":[134,192],"times":[135],"conflict.":[137,203],"Countries":[138],"that":[139,175],"fail":[140],"implement":[142],"policies":[144],"should":[145],"face":[146],"sanctions,":[147],"nations":[149],"alongside":[150],"communities":[151],"must":[152],"be":[153],"held":[154],"accountable":[155],"for":[156],"any":[157],"damage":[158],"caused":[159],"by":[160],"conflict":[162],"environment.":[165],"International":[166],"law":[167],"aims":[168],"limit":[170],"use":[172],"weapons":[174],"pose":[176],"threat":[179],"ban":[185],"deliberate":[187],"destruction":[188],"hostilities.":[193],"study":[195],"highlighted":[196],"some":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-06T10:28:23.643775","created_date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00"}