{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220239296","doi":null,"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Human Language Cognition: An Integrative Comparative Framework","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Human Language Cognition: An Integrative Comparative Framework","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220239296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.journals.gctownship.edu.pk:article/169","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.gctownship.edu.pk/index.php/crssh/article/view/169","pdf_url":"https://journals.gctownship.edu.pk/index.php/crssh/article/download/169/117","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407077704","display_name":"Critical Review of Social Sciences and Humanities","issn_l":"2959-1562","issn":["2959-1562","2959-1570"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405263359","host_organization_name":"Government Graduate College Township Lahore","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405263359"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2959-1562","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://journals.gctownship.edu.pk/index.php/crssh/article/download/169/117","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119680942","display_name":"Afshan Ishfaq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3368-9325","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3368-9325"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ishfaq, Afshan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Head Academics, Institute of Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Head Academics, Institute of Law","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119680943","display_name":"Nida Sultan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802902501","display_name":"Namal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zcxra43","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802902501"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sultan, Nida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lecturer In English,  Namal University, Mianwali"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lecturer In English,  Namal University, Mianwali","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802902501"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84802939,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13308","display_name":"Cybernetics and Technology in Society","score":0.3869999945163727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13308","display_name":"Cybernetics and Technology in Society","score":0.3869999945163727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.17139999568462372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.15139999985694885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-cognition","display_name":"comparative cognition","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenomenal-consciousness","display_name":"phenomenal consciousness","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-responsibility","display_name":"moral responsibility","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-language-models","display_name":"multimodal language models","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embodied-ai","display_name":"embodied AI","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tool-use","display_name":"tool use","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-acquisition","display_name":"language acquisition","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-processing","display_name":"language processing","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-accountability","display_name":"AI accountability","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"interpretability","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensorimotor-coupling","display_name":"sensorimotor coupling","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-learning","display_name":"social learning","score":0.6690000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.612500011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4724000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4706000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192327766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038799","display_name":"Cognitive robotics","level":3,"score":0.45680001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.43320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.42010000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.4025999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.3781000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3668999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162027153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264109","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","level":2,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123556308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484761","display_name":"Philosophy of language","level":3,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111761982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23382","display_name":"Cognitivism (psychology)","level":3,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170350167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455178","display_name":"Second-language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129353971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156949","display_name":"Comprehension approach","level":3,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17601614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1346205","display_name":"Linguistic competence","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161407221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382939","display_name":"Cognitive model","level":3,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993724205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315","display_name":"Human language","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779313563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17072565","display_name":"On Language","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11693617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181839","display_name":"Pragmatics","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115086926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17004651","display_name":"Causal reasoning","level":3,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86658582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432778","display_name":"Social cognition","level":3,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45801056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2273844","display_name":"Social intelligence","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.journals.gctownship.edu.pk:article/169","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.gctownship.edu.pk/index.php/crssh/article/view/169","pdf_url":"https://journals.gctownship.edu.pk/index.php/crssh/article/download/169/117","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407077704","display_name":"Critical Review of Social Sciences and Humanities","issn_l":"2959-1562","issn":["2959-1562","2959-1570"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405263359","host_organization_name":"Government Graduate College Township Lahore","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405263359"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2959-1562","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.journals.gctownship.edu.pk:article/169","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.gctownship.edu.pk/index.php/crssh/article/view/169","pdf_url":"https://journals.gctownship.edu.pk/index.php/crssh/article/download/169/117","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407077704","display_name":"Critical Review of Social Sciences and Humanities","issn_l":"2959-1562","issn":["2959-1562","2959-1570"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405263359","host_organization_name":"Government Graduate College Township Lahore","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405263359"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2959-1562","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220239296.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220239296.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W2073166664","https://openalex.org/W2130822992","https://openalex.org/W2164558494","https://openalex.org/W3034723486","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W4292157289","https://openalex.org/W4327810158","https://openalex.org/W4385473486","https://openalex.org/W4386113651","https://openalex.org/W4387835442","https://openalex.org/W4391591605","https://openalex.org/W4392935324","https://openalex.org/W4399803382","https://openalex.org/W4404349757","https://openalex.org/W4408555470","https://openalex.org/W4411932262","https://openalex.org/W4415797507"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7213246869","https://openalex.org/W7162304836","https://openalex.org/W4388802941","https://openalex.org/W4410313855","https://openalex.org/W4200034418","https://openalex.org/W7163904774","https://openalex.org/W7213294271","https://openalex.org/W7130573028","https://openalex.org/W3147517805","https://openalex.org/W7114777562"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3],"integrative":[4],"conceptual":[5],"review":[6],"comparing":[7],"contemporary":[8],"artificial":[9],"intelligence":[10],"language":[11,15,39,115,131],"systems":[12,213],"with":[13],"human":[14],"cognition.":[16],"A":[17],"targeted,":[18],"non-systematic":[19],"search":[20],"of":[21,36,173,230],"foundational":[22],"and":[23,44,62,66,68,71,84,112,121,135,157,186,205],"recent":[24],"literature":[25],"published":[26],"through":[27],"July":[28],"2026":[29],"covered":[30],"linguistics,":[31],"psycholinguistics,":[32],"cognitive":[33,174],"science,":[34],"philosophy":[35],"mind,":[37],"natural":[38],"processing,":[40,64],"multimodal":[41],"learning,":[42,154],"interpretability,":[43],"embodied":[45,122,224],"robotics.":[46],"Sources":[47],"were":[48],"selected":[49],"based":[50],"on":[51,180,190],"their":[52],"direct":[53],"relevance":[54],"to":[55],"five":[56],"recurring":[57],"comparative":[58],"dimensions:":[59],"representation,":[60],"acquisition":[61],"adaptation,":[63],"grounding":[65],"interaction,":[67,225],"intentionality,":[69],"consciousness,":[70,83],"responsibility.":[72,166],"The":[73,100,201],"synthesis":[74],"distinguishes":[75],"functional":[76],"linguistic":[77],"competence":[78],"from":[79,117,223],"representational":[80],"grounding,":[81,217],"phenomenal":[82],"moral":[85],"responsibility,":[86],"thereby":[87],"avoiding":[88],"the":[89,158],"assumption":[90],"that":[91,193],"fluent":[92],"performance":[93],"either":[94,194],"proves":[95],"or":[96,164,196,226],"refutes":[97],"human-like":[98],"understanding.":[99],"resulting":[101],"framework":[102,202],"treats":[103],"AI-human":[104],"differences":[105,146,168],"as":[106],"continua":[107],"rather":[108,188],"than":[109,189],"fixed":[110],"binaries":[111],"differentiates":[113],"text-only":[114],"models":[116],"multimodal,":[118],"tool-using,":[119],"interactive,":[120],"systems.":[123],"Current":[124],"evidence":[125,159],"shows":[126],"substantial":[127],"convergence":[128],"in":[129,147],"formal":[130],"performance,":[132],"prediction,":[133],"abstraction,":[134],"some":[136],"internally":[137],"represented,":[138],"world-relevant":[139],"structures.":[140],"However,":[141],"it":[142],"also":[143],"reveals":[144],"persistent":[145],"developmental":[148],"history,":[149],"sensorimotor":[150],"coupling,":[151],"online":[152],"social":[153],"reliability":[155],"profiles,":[156],"available":[160],"for":[161],"subjective":[162],"experience":[163],"autonomous":[165,219],"These":[167],"support":[169],"a":[170],"cautious":[171],"model":[172],"complementarity:":[175],"task":[176],"allocation":[177],"should":[178],"depend":[179],"capability,":[181],"verifiability,":[182],"stakes,":[183],"contextual":[184],"sensitivity,":[185],"accountability":[187],"broad":[191],"claims":[192],"humans":[195],"AI":[197],"are":[198],"categorically":[199],"superior.":[200],"is":[203],"interpretive":[204],"revisable.":[206],"It":[207],"would":[208],"require":[209],"revision":[210],"if":[211],"future":[212],"demonstrate":[214],"robust":[215],"causal":[216],"durable":[218],"goals,":[220],"cross-context":[221],"learning":[222],"empirically":[227],"credible":[228],"indicators":[229],"consciousness.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00"}