{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220145262","doi":null,"title":"The Legal Framework of Crime of a Public Employee\u2019s Refusal to Perform Their Official Duty: A Comparative Study Between Iraqi and Lebanese Law","display_name":"The Legal Framework of Crime of a Public Employee\u2019s Refusal to Perform Their Official Duty: A Comparative Study Between Iraqi and Lebanese Law","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220145262"},"language":"ar","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.almadarat.idrisi.edu.iq:article/223","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://almadarat.idrisi.edu.iq/index.php/madarat/article/view/223","pdf_url":"https://almadarat.idrisi.edu.iq/index.php/madarat/article/download/223/150","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407075684","display_name":"Al-Madarat Scientific Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences","issn_l":"2791-2396","issn":["2791-2396","3005-933X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4389425452","host_organization_name":"Al-Idrisi University College","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4389425452"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2791-2396","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://almadarat.idrisi.edu.iq/index.php/madarat/article/download/223/150","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157065304","display_name":"\u0645. \u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257924","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/05tqgjy81","country_code":"IQ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257924"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u0645. \u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0631"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0631","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257924"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5156878666","display_name":"Mustafa Kamel Mohammed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dr. Mustafa Kamel Mohammed Tamhour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education-General Directorate of Education in Al-Anbar Governorate"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education-General Directorate of Education in Al-Anbar Governorate","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77676246,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12986","display_name":"Administrative Law and Governance","score":0.008899999782443047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13271","display_name":"Ukrainian Legal and Forensic Studies","score":0.004800000227987766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-sector-employment","display_name":"public sector employees","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-liability","display_name":"criminal liability","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-services","display_name":"public services","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iraqi-criminal-law","display_name":"Iraqi criminal law","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-criminal-law","display_name":"comparative criminal law","score":0.9670000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.6277999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5831999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83009810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11204","display_name":"Legislature","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.almadarat.idrisi.edu.iq:article/223","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://almadarat.idrisi.edu.iq/index.php/madarat/article/view/223","pdf_url":"https://almadarat.idrisi.edu.iq/index.php/madarat/article/download/223/150","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407075684","display_name":"Al-Madarat Scientific Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences","issn_l":"2791-2396","issn":["2791-2396","3005-933X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4389425452","host_organization_name":"Al-Idrisi University College","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4389425452"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2791-2396","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.almadarat.idrisi.edu.iq:article/223","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://almadarat.idrisi.edu.iq/index.php/madarat/article/view/223","pdf_url":"https://almadarat.idrisi.edu.iq/index.php/madarat/article/download/223/150","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407075684","display_name":"Al-Madarat Scientific Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences","issn_l":"2791-2396","issn":["2791-2396","3005-933X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4389425452","host_organization_name":"Al-Idrisi University College","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4389425452"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2791-2396","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220145262.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220145262.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7220793242","https://openalex.org/W2969310343","https://openalex.org/W4416288412","https://openalex.org/W7117719397","https://openalex.org/W7221458723","https://openalex.org/W7216322901","https://openalex.org/W7203722220","https://openalex.org/W7216596336","https://openalex.org/W4413171777","https://openalex.org/W7148456863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u0645\u0646":[0,65,122,132],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641":[1],"\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647":[2],"\u0627\u0646":[3],"\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629":[4,70],"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629":[5,25,46,71],"\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627":[6],"\u0641\u064a":[7,55,94,142],"\u0643\u0644":[8,131],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c":[9],"\u0648\u0625\u0646":[10],"\u062a\u0644\u0643":[11],"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629":[12],"\u0644\u0627":[13],"\u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631":[14],"\u0639\u0644\u0649":[15,20],"\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a":[16],"\u062f\u0648\u0646":[17,22],"\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649":[18],"\u0623\u0648":[19,38],"\u062f\u0648\u0644":[21],"\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c":[23],"\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629":[24],"\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627":[26],"\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627":[27],"\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627":[28],"\u0645\u0645\u0627":[29,72],"\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a":[30],"\u0623\u0646":[31,97],"\u064a\u064f\u0643\u0644\u0641":[32],"\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645":[33],"\u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627":[34],"\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627":[35],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641":[36,59,84,99],"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645":[37],"\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635":[39],"\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a":[40],"\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646":[41],"\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b":[42],"\u0628\u0623\u0646":[43],"\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a":[44],"\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629":[45],"\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c":[47],"\u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643":[48,126],"\u0628\u0645\u0627":[49],"\u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645":[50],"\u0645\u0639":[51],"\u0647\u0630\u0647":[52,76,81,115],"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629.":[53],"\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646":[54],"\u0628\u0639\u0636":[56],"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646":[57],"\u0641\u0627\u0646":[58],"\u0648\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621":[60],"\u062a\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0629":[61],"\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647":[62],"\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645":[63],"\u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a":[64],"\u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627":[66],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633":[67],"\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647":[68,137],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629":[69],"\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644":[73],"\u0623\u0645\u0631":[74],"\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629":[75],"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644":[77],"\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b":[78],"\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c":[79],"\u0648\u0645\u0646":[80,119],"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a":[82],"\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639":[83],"\u0639\u0646":[85,100,127],"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645":[86,101],"\u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645":[87],"\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647":[88],"\u0648\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c":[89],"\u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643":[90],"\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0646\u0627":[91],"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629":[92],"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629":[93],"\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646":[95,129],"\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629":[96],"\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0639":[98],"\u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647":[102],"\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629":[103],"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a":[104],"\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646":[105],"\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0629":[106],"\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c":[107],"\u0648\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644":[108],"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629":[109],"\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639":[110],"\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629":[111,117],"\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629":[112],"\u0641\u0642\u062f":[113],"\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0646\u0627":[114],"\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629":[116,138],"\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629":[118],"\u062b\u0645":[120],"\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627":[121],"\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629":[123],"\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631":[124],"\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629":[125],"\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642":[128],"\u0631\u0623\u064a":[130],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639":[133],"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a":[134],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639":[135],"\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a":[136],"\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641":[139],"\u062a\u0645":[140],"\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627":[141],"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-19T09:35:57.686232","created_date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00"}
