{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220102917","doi":null,"title":"The Theory-Ladenness of Observation in Science: From Reichenbach\u2019s Discovery-Justification Distinction to Duhem-Kuhn Critiques","display_name":"The Theory-Ladenness of Observation in Science: From Reichenbach\u2019s Discovery-Justification Distinction to Duhem-Kuhn Critiques","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220102917"},"language":"tr","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.journal.sofist.org:article/2","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journal.sofist.org/index.php/index/article/view/2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407076177","display_name":"Sofist: An International Journal of Philosophy","issn_l":"2717-6533","issn":["2717-6533","2757-8593"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2717-6533","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://journal.sofist.org/index.php/index/article/view/2","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066345698","display_name":"Alper Bilgehan Yard\u0131mc\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3245-7203","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3245-7203"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yard\u0131mc\u0131, Alper Bilgehan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157031004","display_name":"Fadime Altuns\u00f6z","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Altuns\u00f6z, Fadime","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84396571,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13558","display_name":"Logic and Philosophy of Science","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13558","display_name":"Logic and Philosophy of Science","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.019700000062584877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14517","display_name":"Diverse Historical and Scientific Studies","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-ladenness-of-observation","display_name":"theory-ladenness of observation","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-of-discovery","display_name":"context of discovery","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-of-justification","display_name":"context of justification","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hans-reichenbach","display_name":"Hans Reichenbach","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-empiricism","display_name":"logical positivism","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vienna-circle","display_name":"Vienna Circle","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pierre-duhem","display_name":"Pierre Duhem","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karl-popper","display_name":"Karl Popper","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thomas-kuhn","display_name":"Thomas Kuhn","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alexandre-koyre","display_name":"Alexandre Koyr\u00e9","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emile-meyerson","display_name":"\u00c9mile Meyerson","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-method","display_name":"scientific method","score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verificationism","display_name":"verificationism","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-revolution","display_name":"scientific revolution","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-construction-of-scientific-knowledge","display_name":"social construction of science","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nature-of-scientific-knowledge","display_name":"nature of scientific knowledge","score":0.6600000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.8436999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128706718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131015","display_name":"Positivism","level":2,"score":0.6747999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173366509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206829","display_name":"Reductionism","level":2,"score":0.6312999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5813999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110099512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59115","display_name":"Philosophy of science","level":2,"score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780026211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193627","display_name":"Logical positivism","level":2,"score":0.4643999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195732255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q981008","display_name":"Sociology of scientific knowledge","level":2,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138379479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1116876","display_name":"Scientific modelling","level":2,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105056347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3239681","display_name":"Scientific theory","level":2,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780129039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931107","display_name":"Section (typography)","level":2,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193139828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7302321","display_name":"Received view of theories","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21847791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191081","display_name":"Logical conjunction","level":2,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23213167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2351730","display_name":"Scientific progress","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993782284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214078","display_name":"Scientific revolution","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85659524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201486","display_name":"History of science","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654390","display_name":"Intentionality","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.journal.sofist.org:article/2","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journal.sofist.org/index.php/index/article/view/2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407076177","display_name":"Sofist: An International Journal of Philosophy","issn_l":"2717-6533","issn":["2717-6533","2757-8593"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2717-6533","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.journal.sofist.org:article/2","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journal.sofist.org/index.php/index/article/view/2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407076177","display_name":"Sofist: An International Journal of Philosophy","issn_l":"2717-6533","issn":["2717-6533","2757-8593"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2717-6533","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7114237022","https://openalex.org/W4230497853","https://openalex.org/W1953000548","https://openalex.org/W2983454491","https://openalex.org/W4231348892","https://openalex.org/W203249112","https://openalex.org/W4236839986","https://openalex.org/W819452804","https://openalex.org/W2210757018","https://openalex.org/W2622665597"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1,136],"systematically":[2],"examines":[3,99],"the":[4,16,22,30,38,43,49,68,73,87,100,188,201],"problem":[5,198],"of":[6,13,24,34,48,70,75,81,94,203],"whether":[7],"scientific":[8,88,153,164,204],"observations":[9,52,146,191],"can":[10],"be":[11],"independent":[12],"theory,":[14],"situating":[15],"discussion":[17],"within":[18],"twentieth-century":[19],"debates":[20],"in":[21,79,85],"philosophy":[23],"science.":[25],"The":[26,96,135],"first":[27],"section":[28],"analyzes":[29],"logical":[31],"positivist":[32],"conception":[33],"science":[35],"developed":[36],"by":[37,149,168],"Vienna":[39],"Circle,":[40],"focusing":[41],"on":[42,142],"historical":[44,104],"and":[45,57,72,103,115,129,162,171],"conceptual":[46,150],"foundations":[47],"assumption":[50],"that":[51,106,126,138,179,190],"constitute":[53],"a":[54,91,184,195],"neutral,":[55],"theory-free,":[56],"universal":[58],"starting":[59],"point.":[60],"Within":[61],"this":[62,121],"framework,":[63,186],"Hans":[64],"Reichenbach\u2019s":[65,180],"distinction":[66,182],"between":[67],"context":[69,74],"discovery":[71],"justification":[76],"is":[77,166,177],"discussed":[78],"terms":[80],"its":[82],"central":[83],"role":[84],"constructing":[86],"method":[89],"as":[90],"theory-independent":[92],"system":[93],"verification.":[95],"second":[97],"part":[98],"methodological,":[101],"epistemological,":[102],"criticisms":[105,140],"Pierre":[107],"Duhem,":[108],"Emile":[109],"Meyerson,":[110],"Alexandre":[111],"Koyr\u00e9,":[112],"Karl":[113],"Popper,":[114],"Thomas":[116],"S.":[117],"Kuhn":[118],"made":[119],"against":[120],"view.":[122],"These":[123],"thinkers":[124],"contend":[125],"theoretical,":[127],"historical,":[128],"social":[130],"frameworks":[131],"inevitably":[132],"shape":[133],"observations.":[134],"demonstrates":[137],"their":[139],"converge":[141],"three":[143],"levels:":[144],"epistemologically,":[145],"are":[147,192],"guided":[148],"presuppositions;":[151],"historically,":[152],"development":[154],"proceeds":[155],"not":[156],"cumulatively":[157],"but":[158],"through":[159],"theoretical":[160],"transformations;":[161],"sociologically,":[163],"practice":[165],"structured":[167],"communal":[169],"norms":[170],"shared":[172],"values.":[173],"In":[174],"conclusion,":[175],"it":[176],"argued":[178],"discovery-justification":[181],"offers":[183],"reductionist":[185],"while":[187],"claim":[189],"theory-free":[193],"remains":[194],"fundamental":[196],"epistemological":[197],"for":[199],"understanding":[200],"nature":[202],"knowledge.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00"}
