{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220045160","doi":null,"title":"Admissibility of \"Raw Neural Data\" as Criminal Evidence in Criminal Courts: A Jurisprudential, Legal, and Neuroscientific Analysis","display_name":"Admissibility of \"Raw Neural Data\" as Criminal Evidence in Criminal Courts: A Jurisprudential, Legal, and Neuroscientific Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220045160"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.journalisslp.com:article/483","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.journalisslp.com/index.php/isslp/article/view/483","pdf_url":"https://www.journalisslp.com/index.php/isslp/article/download/483/921","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407075448","display_name":"Interdisciplinary Studies in Society, Law, and Politics","issn_l":"3060-5687","issn":["3060-5687"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3060-5687","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.journalisslp.com/index.php/isslp/article/download/483/921","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157230146","display_name":"Ali Barati","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124555","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, UAE Branch","ror":"https://ror.org/02rxa1r38","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210124555"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barati ,  Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Law, UAE Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Law, UAE Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074211338","display_name":"karim Salehi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5297-4152","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5297-4152"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121772","display_name":"Islamic Azad University of Shahrekord","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbw3b35","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210121772"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salehi, Karim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Associate Professor, Department of Law, ShK.C., Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Associate Professor, Department of Law, ShK.C., Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121772"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114568916","display_name":"Mahmoud Habibitabar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162396","display_name":"Islamic Azad University Saveh","ror":"https://ror.org/053s4kp50","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210162396"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Habibitabar, Mahmoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Law, Sav.C., Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Law, Sav.C., Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162396"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074211338"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121772"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78369314,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14115","display_name":"Legal processes and jurisprudence","score":0.5210000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14115","display_name":"Legal processes and jurisprudence","score":0.5210000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14493","display_name":"Criminal Law and Evidence","score":0.15880000591278076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.09809999912977219,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"EEG","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-activity","display_name":"brain activity","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-and-neuroscience","display_name":"neuroscience and law","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/admissibility-of-evidence","display_name":"admissibility of evidence","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-evidence","display_name":"criminal evidence","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-to-a-fair-trial","display_name":"right to a fair trial","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-to-silence","display_name":"right to silence","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presumption-of-innocence","display_name":"presumption of innocence","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/judicial-knowledge","display_name":"judicial knowledge","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hudud","display_name":"hudud","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qisas","display_name":"qisas","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informed-consent","display_name":"informed consent","score":0.8199999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780253743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132382","display_name":"Presumption","level":2,"score":0.7206000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6588000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7493553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520777","display_name":"Certainty","level":2,"score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124056412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3320364","display_name":"Scientific evidence","level":2,"score":0.5575000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910942459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83267","display_name":"Criminal behaviour","level":2,"score":0.5285999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117660856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1964968","display_name":"Criminal investigation","level":2,"score":0.49149999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.46380001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39394508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002313","display_name":"Neurolaw","level":5,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776283789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2905670","display_name":"Reasonable doubt","level":2,"score":0.42179998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C504945742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146071","display_name":"Criminal procedure","level":2,"score":0.4214000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.38589999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992398822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404417","display_name":"Criminal liability","level":3,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23213167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2351730","display_name":"Scientific progress","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984127161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q969316","display_name":"Neural activity","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993079837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129218","display_name":"Criminal responsibility","level":3,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993704820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal case","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779878133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275462","display_name":"Presumption of innocence","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.journalisslp.com:article/483","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.journalisslp.com/index.php/isslp/article/view/483","pdf_url":"https://www.journalisslp.com/index.php/isslp/article/download/483/921","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407075448","display_name":"Interdisciplinary Studies in Society, Law, and Politics","issn_l":"3060-5687","issn":["3060-5687"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3060-5687","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.journalisslp.com:article/483","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.journalisslp.com/index.php/isslp/article/view/483","pdf_url":"https://www.journalisslp.com/index.php/isslp/article/download/483/921","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407075448","display_name":"Interdisciplinary Studies in Society, Law, and Politics","issn_l":"3060-5687","issn":["3060-5687"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3060-5687","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220045160.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220045160.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2742978257","https://openalex.org/W7126685910","https://openalex.org/W7172205670","https://openalex.org/W7168164985","https://openalex.org/W2421948722","https://openalex.org/W2995145257","https://openalex.org/W7219718740","https://openalex.org/W2782594112","https://openalex.org/W2894551866","https://openalex.org/W4408521812"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,190],"growing":[1],"convergence":[2],"of":[3,19,42,63,69,108,132,141,156,168,175,179,213,233,240,249],"neuroscience":[4],"and":[5,26,66,91,103,105,117,143,171,225,237],"criminal":[6,30,47,93,118],"law,":[7],"known":[8],"as":[9,29,89,206],"neurolaw,":[10],"has":[11],"presented":[12],"a":[13,51,77,121,151],"new":[14],"challenge":[15],"regarding":[16,159],"the":[17,40,60,70,84,106,130,136,144,154,166,173,176,196,221,231,238,246],"admissibility":[18],"\"raw":[20],"neural":[21,81,200],"data\"":[22],"(e.g.,":[23],"EEG":[24],"signals":[25],"brain":[27,115],"activity)":[28],"evidence":[31,48,94,161,208,251],"in":[32,101,195],"judicial":[33],"proceedings.":[34],"This":[35],"study":[36],"aims":[37],"to":[38,58,87,96,138,146,165,220,244],"examine":[39],"position":[41],"these":[43],"data":[44,82,128,201],"within":[45],"Iran\u2019s":[46],"system,":[49],"employing":[50],"descriptive-analytical":[52],"method":[53],"with":[54,227],"an":[55,109,253],"interdisciplinary":[56],"approach":[57],"assess":[59,245],"threefold":[61],"dimensions":[62],"scientific,":[64],"legal,":[65],"jurisprudential":[67,152,177],"aspects":[68],"issue.":[71],"Research":[72],"findings":[73,192],"indicate":[74,193],"that":[75],"from":[76,150],"scientific":[78,247],"perspective,":[79,123],"raw":[80,199],"lacks":[83],"necessary":[85],"validity":[86,248],"serve":[88],"independent":[90],"conclusive":[92],"due":[95],"high":[97],"uncertainty,":[98],"technical":[99],"challenges":[100],"collection":[102],"interpretation,":[104],"existence":[107],"\"explanatory":[110],"gap\"":[111],"between":[112],"purely":[113],"biological":[114],"activity":[116],"intent.":[119],"From":[120],"legal":[122],"mandatory":[124],"reliance":[125],"on":[126],"such":[127,250],"contradicts":[129],"principles":[131],"fair":[133],"trial,":[134],"particularly":[135],"right":[137,145],"silence,":[139],"presumption":[140],"innocence,":[142],"mental":[147],"privacy.":[148],"Finally,":[149],"standpoint,":[153],"lack":[155],"sufficient":[157],"certainty":[158],"this":[160],"renders":[162],"it":[163],"subject":[164],"principle":[167],"doubt":[169],"(dara')":[170],"prevents":[172],"formation":[174],"concept":[178],"\"judicial":[180],"knowledge\"":[181],"(ilm":[182],"al-qadi)":[183],"required":[184],"for":[185],"proving":[186],"hudud":[187],"or":[188],"qisas.":[189],"research":[191],"that,":[194],"current":[197],"state,":[198],"can":[202],"only":[203,226],"be":[204,218],"used":[205],"supplementary":[207],"alongside":[209],"other":[210],"traditional":[211],"forms":[212],"evidence;":[214],"its":[215],"use":[216],"should":[217],"restricted":[219],"preliminary":[222],"investigation":[223],"phase":[224],"informed":[228],"consent.":[229],"Therefore,":[230],"enactment":[232],"stringent":[234],"regulatory":[235],"standards":[236],"establishment":[239],"specialized":[241],"neurolaw":[242],"committees":[243],"is":[252],"indispensable":[254],"necessity.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-21T09:56:26.102985","created_date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00"}
