{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7219745895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48417/technolang.2025.03.15","title":"Revealing Cultural and Linguistic Variation in Generative AI\u2013Mediated Language Learning: A Mixed-Methods Study","display_name":"Revealing Cultural and Linguistic Variation in Generative AI\u2013Mediated Language Learning: A Mixed-Methods Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7219745895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48417/technolang.2025.03.15"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48417/technolang.2025.03.15","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48417/technolang.2025.03.15","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48417/technolang.2025.03.15","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052759","display_name":"Technology and language","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I212220629","host_organization_name":"Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212220629"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48417/technolang.2025.03.15","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063303615","display_name":"Mohammad Awad AlAfnan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5889-4292","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5889-4292"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803079837","display_name":"American University of the Middle East","ror":"https://ror.org/02gqgne03","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803079837"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"AlAfnan, Mohammad Awad","raw_affiliation_strings":["American University of the Middle East"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5889-4292","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"American University of the Middle East","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803079837"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063303615"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803079837"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92127141,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.8339999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.8339999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.04839999973773956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.045499999076128006,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-ai","display_name":"generative AI","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-in-language-learning","display_name":"AI-assisted language learning","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learner-agency","display_name":"learner agency","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-as-a-foreign-language","display_name":"English as a foreign language","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-cultural-variation","display_name":"cross-cultural variation","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learner-interaction-patterns","display_name":"learner interaction patterns","score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-feedback","display_name":"adaptive feedback","score":0.3140000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.7307000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.6486999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5629000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5364000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4966999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.4756999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125209646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338878","display_name":"Cultural diversity","level":2,"score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2390977","display_name":"Language proficiency","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776159695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6486751","display_name":"Language learning strategies","level":4,"score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779786979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5193384","display_name":"Cultural learning","level":2,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780589192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7285140","display_name":"Raising (metalworking)","level":2,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776425127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4329264","display_name":"Heritage language","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171041071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36870","display_name":"First language","level":2,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21856745","display_name":"Realization (probability)","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987567764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125421","display_name":"Second language","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48417/technolang.2025.03.15","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48417/technolang.2025.03.15","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48417/technolang.2025.03.15","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052759","display_name":"Technology and language","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I212220629","host_organization_name":"Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212220629"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48417/technolang.2025.03.15","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48417/technolang.2025.03.15","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48417/technolang.2025.03.15","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052759","display_name":"Technology and language","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I212220629","host_organization_name":"Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212220629"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9235000014305115,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"},{"score":0.4074000120162964,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,100,193],"rapid":[1],"expansion":[2],"of":[3,44,164],"generative":[4,197],"artificial":[5],"intelligence":[6],"(AI)":[7],"in":[8,110],"language":[9,46,52,245],"education":[10],"has":[11],"created":[12],"new":[13],"possibilities":[14],"for":[15,98,229],"personalized":[16],"and":[17,29,62,80,83,116,127,137,154,185,209,220,242],"adaptive":[18,186,215],"learning,":[19],"while":[20,91,157],"raising":[21],"questions":[22],"about":[23],"how":[24,111],"learners":[25,53,112,136],"from":[26,54,147],"different":[27],"linguistic":[28],"educational":[30],"backgrounds":[31],"interact":[32],"with":[33,171],"AI":[34,174,198],"systems.":[35],"This":[36],"exploratory":[37,227],"mixed-methods":[38],"study":[39,194],"examines":[40],"culturally":[41,201,206,234],"interpretable":[42],"patterns":[43],"AI-mediated":[45,244],"learning":[47,236],"among":[48],"100":[49],"adult":[50],"English":[51],"Japan,":[55],"China,":[56],"Saudi":[57],"Arabia,":[58],"Egypt,":[59],"North":[60],"Macedonia,":[61],"Bulgaria":[63],"across":[64,135],"four":[65],"CEFR":[66],"levels.":[67],"Data":[68],"were":[69,129],"collected":[70],"over":[71],"eight":[72],"weeks":[73],"through":[74],"interaction":[75,144],"logs,":[76],"learner":[77,183],"diaries,":[78],"pre-":[79],"post-assessments,":[81],"surveys,":[82],"semi-structured":[84],"interviews.":[85],"Quantitative":[86],"indicators":[87],"are":[88],"used":[89],"descriptively,":[90],"qualitative":[92],"evidence":[93],"provides":[94],"the":[95,162,172,179],"primary":[96],"basis":[97],"interpretation.":[99],"findings":[101],"suggest":[102],"broadly":[103],"positive":[104],"language-development":[105],"trajectories":[106],"alongside":[107],"substantial":[108,158],"variation":[109,160],"request,":[113],"interpret,":[114],"evaluate,":[115],"use":[117,149,187],"AI-generated":[118],"feedback.":[119],"Four":[120],"overlapping":[121],"feedback-utilization":[122],"patterns,":[123],"calibration,":[124,217],"negotiation,":[125],"experimentation,":[126],"uptake,":[128],"identified,":[130],"although":[131],"their":[132],"realization":[133],"varied":[134],"contexts.":[138],"Narrative":[139],"cases":[140],"further":[141],"indicate":[142],"that":[143],"can":[145,238],"develop":[146],"correction-focused":[148],"toward":[150],"clarification,":[151],"comparison,":[152],"dialogue,":[153],"strategic":[155],"engagement,":[156],"within-group":[159],"highlights":[161],"importance":[163],"individual":[165],"agency.":[166],"Because":[167],"all":[168],"participants":[169],"interacted":[170],"same":[173],"system":[175,208],"under":[176],"uniform":[177],"conditions,":[178],"observed":[180],"differences":[181],"reflect":[182],"interpretation":[184],"rather":[188,203],"than":[189,204],"system-level":[190],"cultural":[191],"customization.":[192,222],"therefore":[195],"treats":[196],"as":[199],"a":[200],"interpreted":[202],"inherently":[205],"responsive":[207,235],"advances":[210],"three":[211],"design-oriented":[212],"hypotheses":[213,224],"concerning":[214],"feedback":[216],"interaction-style":[218],"modulation,":[219],"learner-controlled":[221],"These":[223],"provide":[225],"an":[226],"foundation":[228],"future":[230],"research":[231],"examining":[232],"whether":[233],"agents":[237],"support":[239],"more":[240],"inclusive":[241],"meaningful":[243],"learning.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-06T10:28:23.643775","created_date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00"}