{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7219683602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23134103","title":"THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE EVOLUTION OF GLOBAL CLIMATE GOVERNANCE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EMERGING CHALLENGES FACING THE UNFCCC, KYOTO PROTOCOL AND PARIS AGREEMENT, 1992\u20132025","display_name":"THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE EVOLUTION OF GLOBAL CLIMATE GOVERNANCE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EMERGING CHALLENGES FACING THE UNFCCC, KYOTO PROTOCOL AND PARIS AGREEMENT, 1992\u20132025","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7219683602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23134103"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23134103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23134103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23134103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23134103","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157283045","display_name":"Aniedi Ene Inyang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37797678","display_name":"University of Uyo","ror":"https://ror.org/0127mpp72","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37797678"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Inyang, Aniedi Ene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Political Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37797678"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136946038","display_name":"Professor Manasseh E. Bassey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37797678","display_name":"University of Uyo","ror":"https://ror.org/0127mpp72","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37797678"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Professor Manasseh E. Bassey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Political Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37797678"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37797678"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87739018,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13756","display_name":"International Environmental Law and Policies","score":0.913100004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13756","display_name":"International Environmental Law and Policies","score":0.913100004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.08160000294446945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10119","display_name":"Sustainability and Climate Change Governance","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-climate-governance","display_name":"international climate governance","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unfccc","display_name":"UNFCCC","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kyoto-protocol","display_name":"Kyoto Protocol","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paris-agreement","display_name":"Paris Agreement","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-evolution","display_name":"institutional evolution","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-finance","display_name":"climate finance","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation-gap","display_name":"implementation gap","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-capacity","display_name":"institutional capacity","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency-and-accountability","display_name":"transparency and accountability","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-fragmentation","display_name":"institutional fragmentation","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-commitments","display_name":"climate commitments","score":0.3779999911785126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99743013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47359","display_name":"Kyoto Protocol","level":3,"score":0.8126999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778539042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208645","display_name":"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change","level":4,"score":0.7515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.6230999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189123395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7210295","display_name":"Political economy of climate change","level":3,"score":0.5777000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.5565999746322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.5313000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4943000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779508350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6041185","display_name":"Institutional analysis","level":2,"score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776310101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1524235","display_name":"Global governance","level":3,"score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780608745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367293","display_name":"Convention","level":2,"score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779417324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133517","display_name":"Climate governance","level":3,"score":0.4447000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780919918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1668341","display_name":"Climate Finance","level":3,"score":0.41819998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115343472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Global warming","level":3,"score":0.4104999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777682447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3039637","display_name":"Environmental governance","level":3,"score":0.4027999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780248902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184919","display_name":"International regime","level":2,"score":0.36809998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121087249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546395","display_name":"Emerging markets","level":2,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777429066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15063219","display_name":"Conference of the parties","level":3,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777677027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219438","display_name":"Montreal Protocol","level":4,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169402504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535536","display_name":"Clean Development Mechanism","level":3,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189261614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1459305","display_name":"Multi-level governance","level":3,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34355311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166542","display_name":"International relations","level":3,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147887874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16252774","display_name":"Institutional theory","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988944679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7937","display_name":"Global climate","level":3,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779407595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834721","display_name":"Transnational governance","level":3,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23134103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23134103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23134103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23134104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23134104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23134104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23134103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23134103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23134103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.9090999960899353},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8999999761581421}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,39,72,131,175,230,257],"study":[1,40,73,176,258],"examined":[2],"the":[3,10,17,21,44,48,57,87,95,127,145,149,152,158,164,172,261,271,278],"evolution":[4,143,182],"of":[5,50,94,148,157,171,185,273,281],"global":[6,265],"climate":[7,54,70,98,137,207,235,255,266,290,297,306],"governance":[8,138,267,298],"under":[9],"United":[11,22,107,135],"Nations,":[12],"with":[13],"particular":[14],"attention":[15],"to":[16,151,163,253,301],"emerging":[18],"challenges":[19,199],"confronting":[20],"Nations":[23,108,136],"Framework":[24],"Convention":[25],"on":[26,82,103],"Climate":[27,104],"Change":[28,105],"(UNFCCC),":[29],"Kyoto":[30,89,159],"Protocol":[31,160],"and":[32,37,56,68,80,110,126,161,168,188,205,216,220,223,228,247,288,304,310,323,326,329],"Paris":[33,91,173],"Agreement":[34],"between":[35,47],"1992":[36],"2025.":[38],"was":[41,268],"motivated":[42],"by":[43,123],"persistent":[45,279],"gap":[46],"development":[49],"increasingly":[51],"sophisticated":[52],"international":[53,62,274],"institutions":[55],"limited":[58],"progress":[59],"in":[60,225,313],"translating":[61,282],"commitments":[63,156,283],"into":[64,284],"sufficiently":[65],"effective,":[66],"coordinated":[67],"equitable":[69,303],"action.":[71],"adopted":[74],"a":[75],"qualitative":[76],"documentary":[77],"research":[78],"design":[79],"relied":[81],"secondary":[83],"data":[84],"obtained":[85],"from":[86,144],"UNFCCC,":[88],"Protocol,":[90],"Agreement,":[92],"Conference":[93],"Parties":[96],"decisions,":[97],"finance":[99,236],"documents,":[100],"Intergovernmental":[101],"Panel":[102],"reports,":[106],"publications":[109],"relevant":[111],"peer-reviewed":[112],"scholarly":[113],"literature.":[114],"Data":[115],"were":[116,200,238],"analyzed":[117],"using":[118],"thematic":[119],"content":[120],"analysis,":[121],"guided":[122],"Institutional":[124],"Theory":[125],"institutional":[128,142,181,186,209,215,248,275,309],"effectiveness":[129],"perspective.":[130],"findings":[132,231],"revealed":[133],"that":[134,179,234,260],"had":[139,191],"undergone":[140],"substantial":[141],"framework-based":[146],"approach":[147],"UNFCCC":[150],"differentiated":[153],"legally":[154],"binding":[155],"subsequently":[162],"universal,":[165],"nationally":[166],"determined":[167],"transparency-oriented":[169],"architecture":[170],"Agreement.":[174],"further":[177],"found":[178],"this":[180],"reflected":[183],"processes":[184],"learning":[187],"adaptation,":[189],"but":[190,277],"not":[192],"produced":[193],"commensurate":[194],"environmental":[195],"outcomes.":[196,291],"Seven":[197],"major":[198],"identified:":[201],"implementation":[202,287],"gaps,":[203,222],"inadequate":[204],"difficult-to-access":[206],"finance,":[208,307],"fragmentation,":[210],"divergent":[211],"national":[212],"interests,":[213],"weak":[214],"technical":[217,311],"capacity,":[218],"technology":[219,322],"knowledge":[221],"limitations":[224,249],"compliance,":[226],"transparency":[227,328],"accountability.":[229],"also":[232],"showed":[233],"constraints":[237],"particularly":[239],"consequential":[240],"for":[241],"vulnerable":[242],"developing":[243,314],"countries,":[244,315],"while":[245],"technological":[246],"weakened":[250],"their":[251],"capacity":[252,312],"implement":[254],"commitments.":[256],"concluded":[259],"principal":[262],"challenge":[263],"facing":[264],"no":[269],"longer":[270],"absence":[272],"frameworks,":[276],"difficulty":[280],"effective":[285],"domestic":[286],"measurable":[289],"It":[292],"recommended":[293],"an":[294],"implementation-centred":[295],"UN":[296],"mechanism,":[299],"reforms":[300],"improve":[302],"accessible":[305],"stronger":[308],"enhanced":[316],"coordination":[317],"among":[318],"climate-governance":[319],"institutions,":[320],"expanded":[321],"innovation":[324],"cooperation,":[325],"strengthened":[327],"accountability":[330],"mechanisms.":[331]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-07T09:51:55.459714","created_date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00"}
