{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7219201882","doi":null,"title":"The role of the Iraqi private tourism sector in employment and job creation (reality and challenges","display_name":"The role of the Iraqi private tourism sector in employment and job creation (reality and challenges","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7219201882"},"language":"ar","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.ecournal.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq:article/735","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ecournal.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/index.php/ecournal/article/view/735","pdf_url":"https://ecournal.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/index.php/ecournal/article/download/735/566","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210222878","display_name":"Iraqi Journal of Economic Sciences","issn_l":"1812-8742","issn":["1812-8742","2791-092X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319168","host_organization_name":"Al-Mustansiriya University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Al-Mustansiriya University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"10.31272/.v20i75","raw_type":"\u0645\u0624\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u064e\u0651\u0645"},"volume":null,"type":"book","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ecournal.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/index.php/ecournal/article/download/735/566","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5156598162","display_name":"\u0645. \u062f. \u0646\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u0645. \u062f. \u0646\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024341997","display_name":"\u0623. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0651\u0631","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u0623. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0631","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044051894","display_name":"Nisreen Ghali Qasem","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dr.Nsreen Ghali  Qasem","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5156515557","display_name":"Elham khudhair Abbas Shubbar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prof.Elham khudair shubbar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68547419,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10055","display_name":"Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1409","display_name":"Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10055","display_name":"Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1409","display_name":"Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12584","display_name":"Hospitality and Tourism Education","score":0.011599999852478504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1409","display_name":"Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13136","display_name":"Community-based Tourism Development and Sustainability","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1409","display_name":"Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment","display_name":"employment","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-creation","display_name":"job creation","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tourism-employment","display_name":"tourism employment","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unemployment","display_name":"unemployment","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tourism-development","display_name":"tourism development","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-resource-development","display_name":"human resource development","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-private-partnerships","display_name":"public-private partnerships","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-and-economic-instability","display_name":"political and economic instability","score":0.4650000035762787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6941999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992540694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Job creation","level":2,"score":0.6858999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18918823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49389","display_name":"Tourism","level":2,"score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.39160001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105639569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577","display_name":"Economic policy","level":1,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992362411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49389","display_name":"Tourist industry","level":3,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294217","display_name":"Public sector","level":2,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778126366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Unemployment","level":2,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993469481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Job loss","level":3,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.ecournal.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq:article/735","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ecournal.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/index.php/ecournal/article/view/735","pdf_url":"https://ecournal.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/index.php/ecournal/article/download/735/566","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210222878","display_name":"Iraqi Journal of Economic Sciences","issn_l":"1812-8742","issn":["1812-8742","2791-092X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319168","host_organization_name":"Al-Mustansiriya University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Al-Mustansiriya University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"10.31272/.v20i75","raw_type":"\u0645\u0624\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u064e\u0651\u0645"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.ecournal.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq:article/735","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ecournal.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/index.php/ecournal/article/view/735","pdf_url":"https://ecournal.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/index.php/ecournal/article/download/735/566","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210222878","display_name":"Iraqi Journal of Economic Sciences","issn_l":"1812-8742","issn":["1812-8742","2791-092X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319168","host_organization_name":"Al-Mustansiriya University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Al-Mustansiriya University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"10.31272/.v20i75","raw_type":"\u0645\u0624\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u064e\u0651\u0645"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7219201882.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7219201882.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7219542360","https://openalex.org/W3093639437","https://openalex.org/W2907419650","https://openalex.org/W7220071284","https://openalex.org/W7219476280","https://openalex.org/W7217616518","https://openalex.org/W3136189056","https://openalex.org/W4400395158","https://openalex.org/W2975978498","https://openalex.org/W3083474523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633":[0],"\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629":[1],"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639":[2,49,72],"\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635":[3,50,73,126],"\u0639\u0644\u0649":[4,117],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649":[5],"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a":[6,25,122],"\u0645\u0646":[7,183],"\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644":[8],"\u0639\u062f\u0629":[9,150],"\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a":[10],"\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d":[11],"\u0645\u062f\u0649":[12],"\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647":[13],"\u0641\u064a":[14,20,37,53,61,100,134,138,176],"\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642":[15,59],"\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641":[16],"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629":[17,35,55,177],"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629":[18],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629":[19],"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f":[21,40],"\u0645\u062b\u0644":[22],"(\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629":[23],"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644":[24,42],"\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629":[26],"\u0641\u0631\u0635":[27,103],"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641":[28,181],"\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635":[29],"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629":[30,185],"\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645":[31,41],"\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646":[32],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a":[33],"\u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642":[34],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629":[36],"\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642":[38],"\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645":[39],"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a":[43],"\u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647":[44],"\u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627),":[45],"\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629":[46],"\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629":[47],"\u0628\u064a\u0646":[48,156],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639":[51,125],"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645":[52,78],"\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629":[54],"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629":[56,137,178],"\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627":[57,179],"\u0648\u0641\u064a":[58,180],"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646":[60],"\u0633\u0648\u0642":[62],"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644":[63,104],"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u064a":[64],"\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627,":[65],"\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639":[66],"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631":[67],"\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f":[68],"\u0645\u0646\u0647":[69],"\u0644\u0643\u064a":[70],"\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d":[71],"\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u064b":[74],"\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b":[75],"\u0648\u0645\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b":[76],"\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639":[77],"\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633":[79],"\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u064b":[80],"(\u0641\u064a":[81],"\u0638\u0644":[82],"\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641":[83],"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0626\u0629":[84],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a":[85],"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629":[86],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629":[87],"\u063a\u064a\u0631":[88],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629":[89],"\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627":[90],"\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627":[91],"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a":[92],"\u062a\u0645\u0631":[93],"\u0628\u0647\u0627":[94],"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f)":[95],"\u0648\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f":[96],"\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629":[97],"\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644":[98],"\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647":[99],"\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644":[101],"\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631":[102],"\u0648":[105],"\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629":[106],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f":[107],"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629":[108],"\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a":[109],"\u064a\u0639\u062f":[110],"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627":[111],"\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0627":[112],"\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644":[113],"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062f":[114],"\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647":[115],"\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0632":[116],"\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0636":[118],"\u0628\u0643\u0644":[119],"\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644":[120],"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f":[121],"\u0648\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647":[123],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.":[124],"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a":[127],"\u0644\u0647":[128],"\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647":[129],"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629":[130],"\u0645\u0646\u0630":[131],"\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f":[132],"\u0645\u0636\u062a":[133],"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631":[135],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629":[136],"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a":[139],"\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629":[140],"(\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642":[141],"\u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a":[142],"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631":[143],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u0629":[144],"\u0648\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639":[145],"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0645\u0629":[146],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a)":[147],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a":[148],"\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647":[149],"\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a":[151],"\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627":[152],"\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a":[153],"\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d":[154],"\u0645\u0627":[155],"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631":[157],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631":[158],"\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631":[159],"\u0628\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644":[160],"\u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a":[161],"\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a":[162],"\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645":[163],"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631":[164],"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a":[165],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a":[166],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a":[167],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a":[168],"\u0645\u0645\u0627":[169],"\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641\u062a":[170],"\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647":[171],"\u0643\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639":[172],"\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a":[173],"\u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643":[174],"\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644":[175],"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641":[182],"\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629":[184],"\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-10-04T00:00:00"}