{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7218917563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5dj6x","title":"Counterfactual Evaluation of a Satellite-Connected Multi-Sensor Early-Warning System During the 26 August 2026 Bhote Koshi\u2013Trishuli Disaster","display_name":"Counterfactual Evaluation of a Satellite-Connected Multi-Sensor Early-Warning System During the 26 August 2026 Bhote Koshi\u2013Trishuli Disaster","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7218917563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5dj6x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31223/x5dj6x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5dj6x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5dj6x","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15348/download/26606/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15348/download/26606/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5156764602","display_name":"Basanta Paudyal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102834121","display_name":"Purbanchal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0353fsq42","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102834121"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Basanta Paudyal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Associate Professor, Purbanchal University , Goathgaun , Morang , Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Associate Professor, Purbanchal University , Goathgaun , Morang , Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102834121"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5156764602"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102834121"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9452999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9452999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.0203000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14250","display_name":"Energy and Environmental Systems","score":0.011900000274181366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-warning-systems","display_name":"early warning systems","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-communication","display_name":"satellite communication","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mudflows","display_name":"mudflows","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flood-warning","display_name":"flood warning","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disaster-response","display_name":"disaster response","score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-evaluation","display_name":"counterfactual evaluation","score":0.6470000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.71670001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4722000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54187759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q361564","display_name":"Geophone","level":2,"score":0.4499000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.426800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29825287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427940","display_name":"Warning system","level":2,"score":0.4153999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32802771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443617","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","level":2,"score":0.4133000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191172861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899321","display_name":"Upstream (networking)","level":2,"score":0.40560001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4052000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.39489999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.35850000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132943942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511","display_name":"Footprint","level":2,"score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779481623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115986","display_name":"Disaster area","level":2,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40976572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330873","display_name":"Gauge (firearms)","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31223/x5dj6x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5dj6x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5dj6x","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15348/download/26606/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:EA:id:15348","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15348/download/26606/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402614","display_name":"EarthArXiv (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EarthArXiv","raw_type":"PREPRINTS"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31223/x5dj6x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5dj6x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5dj6x","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15348/download/26606/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5142999887466431}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7218917563.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7218917563.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6948307373","https://openalex.org/W7204566345","https://openalex.org/W7204656470","https://openalex.org/W7208777897","https://openalex.org/W7210268981","https://openalex.org/W7214220422","https://openalex.org/W7219901415"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3010675485","https://openalex.org/W226888964","https://openalex.org/W7096130821","https://openalex.org/W4366962719","https://openalex.org/W844431995","https://openalex.org/W7223018293","https://openalex.org/W7221738203","https://openalex.org/W7223035580","https://openalex.org/W11098288","https://openalex.org/W2027335948"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,51,57,77,101,112,148],"26":[1],"August":[2],"2026":[3],"Bhote":[4],"Koshi\u2013Trishuli":[5],"disaster":[6,103,131],"raised":[7],"an":[8,118,186,279],"important":[9],"question:":[10],"could":[11,242,341],"a":[12,26,32,43,80,97,239],"warning":[13,113],"system":[14,28,340],"continue":[15],"to":[16,66,91,123,255,317,336],"reach":[17,243],"people":[18],"if":[19],"local":[20],"infrastructure":[21],"failed?":[22],"This":[23,245],"study":[24],"tests":[25],"proposed":[27],"using":[29],"satellite":[30,236],"communication,":[31],"reviewed":[33,82],"river":[34,85],"network,":[35],"15":[36,215],"radar-gauge":[37],"stations,":[38,42],"2":[39],"candidate":[40],"geophone":[41],"camera":[44],"site":[45,188],"and":[46,107,160,199,207,210,216,238,277,315,330],"32":[47,137],"mapped":[48,145,171,179],"target":[49,138],"references.":[50],"analysis":[52],"consists":[53],"of":[54,74,196,204,213,224,264,291,303],"two":[55],"segments.":[56],"first":[58],"compares":[59],"three":[60],"possible":[61],"routes":[62],"from":[63,87,283],"source":[64],"references":[65],"Friendship":[67,275],"Bridge":[68,276],"at":[69,133],"Gyirong":[70,94],"port,":[71],"with":[72],"lengths":[73],"21.764510\u201322.653727":[75],"km.":[76],"second":[78],"uses":[79],"separately":[81],"80.614468":[83],"km":[84],"line":[86],"the":[88,125,130,136,164,178,220,262,271,304,320,339,345],"Friendship-side":[89],"reference":[90],"Galchhi":[92],"bridge.":[93],"Port":[95],"is":[96,121],"separate":[98],"border-area":[99],"site.":[100],"actual":[102,272],"source,":[104],"upstream":[105],"channel":[106,240],"arrival":[108],"times":[109,212],"remain":[110],"unverified.":[111],"calculations":[114],"therefore":[115],"start":[116],"when":[117,129],"operating":[119],"gauge":[120],"assumed":[122,193,281],"detect":[124],"hazard,":[126],"rather":[127],"than":[128],"starts":[132],"origin.":[134],"Of":[135],"points,":[139,151],"27":[140,292,305],"lie":[141,162],"inside":[142,163,175],"UNOSAT\u2019s":[143],"preliminary":[144],"mudflow/rockflow":[146],"area.":[147,173],"other":[149],"five":[150],"Timure,":[152],"Syabrubesi,":[153],"Trishuli":[154],"HPS":[155],"powerhouse/tailrace":[156],"(HP09),":[157],"Battar":[158],"Bazaar":[159],"Devighat,":[161],"area":[165,181],"UNOSAT":[166],"studied":[167],"but":[168],"outside":[169,177],"its":[170],"affected":[172,180],"Being":[174],"or":[176,266],"does":[182,258],"not":[183,259],"confirm":[184],"whether":[185,267,338],"individual":[187],"was":[189],"damaged.":[190],"We":[191],"tested":[192,226,250],"propagation":[194],"speeds":[195],"2,":[197,205],"5":[198],"10":[200,206],"m/s,":[201],"alert":[202,313],"delays":[203],"30":[208,217],"min,":[209],"action":[211,299],"5,":[214],"min.":[218],"In":[219],"downstream":[221],"analysis,":[222],"696":[223],"864":[225],"combinations":[227],"left":[228,285,296],"enough":[229,253,286],"calculated":[230,287],"time":[231,254,288],"for":[232],"action,":[233],"assuming":[234],"working":[235],"communication":[237],"that":[241],"recipients.":[244],"count":[246],"shows":[247],"how":[248,310],"many":[249],"scenarios":[251],"gave":[252],"act.":[256],"It":[257],"tell":[260],"us":[261],"chance":[263],"success":[265],"warnings":[268],"worked":[269,343],"during":[270,344],"event.":[273,346],"At":[274],"Rasuwagadhi,":[278],"earlier":[280],"trigger":[282],"RG-01":[284],"in":[289,301],"14":[290],"combinations.":[293,306],"RG-02":[294],"alone":[295],"no":[297],"positive":[298],"margin":[300],"any":[302],"These":[307],"results":[308],"show":[309],"detector":[311],"location,":[312],"delay":[314],"delivery":[316],"recipients":[318],"affect":[319],"model.":[321],"Hydrographs,":[322],"calibrated":[323],"triggers,":[324],"outage":[325],"logs,":[326],"verified":[327],"recipient":[328],"coverage":[329],"site-specific":[331],"damage":[332],"records":[333],"are":[334],"needed":[335],"assess":[337],"have":[342]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-04T00:00:00"}
