{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7218693173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ea004937","title":"Assessing Deep Learning Segmentation Models for Mapping Landslides From LiDAR\u2010Based Elevation Data","display_name":"Assessing Deep Learning Segmentation Models for Mapping Landslides From LiDAR\u2010Based Elevation Data","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7218693173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ea004937"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2025ea004937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ea004937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ea004937","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025EA004937","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764679394","display_name":"Earth and Space Science","issn_l":"2333-5084","issn":["2333-5084"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Earth and Space Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025EA004937","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054332338","display_name":"Hudson J. Koch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7302-6795","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7302-6795"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405262179","display_name":"Kentucky Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2b7f40","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722","https://openalex.org/I4405262179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hudson J. Koch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Kentucky  Lexington KY USA","Kentucky Geological Survey University of Kentucky  Lexington KY USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7302-6795","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Kentucky  Lexington KY USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kentucky Geological Survey University of Kentucky  Lexington KY USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722","https://openalex.org/I4405262179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103233475","display_name":"Junfeng Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6296-8637","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6296-8637"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405262179","display_name":"Kentucky Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2b7f40","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722","https://openalex.org/I4405262179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junfeng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Kentucky  Lexington KY USA","Kentucky Geological Survey University of Kentucky  Lexington KY USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6296-8637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Kentucky  Lexington KY USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kentucky Geological Survey University of Kentucky  Lexington KY USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722","https://openalex.org/I4405262179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5156531885","display_name":"Shashank Bhatt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405262179","display_name":"Kentucky Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2b7f40","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722","https://openalex.org/I4405262179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shashank Bhatt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kentucky Geological Survey University of Kentucky  Lexington KY USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kentucky Geological Survey University of Kentucky  Lexington KY USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722","https://openalex.org/I4405262179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029557305","display_name":"Nathan Jacobs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4242-8967","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4242-8967"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Jacobs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering McKelvey School of Engineering Washington University in St. Louis  St Louis MO USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering McKelvey School of Engineering Washington University in St. Louis  St Louis MO USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052961172","display_name":"Jason M. Dortch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8652-0394","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8652-0394"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405262179","display_name":"Kentucky Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2b7f40","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722","https://openalex.org/I4405262179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason M. Dortch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Kentucky  Lexington KY USA","Kentucky Geological Survey University of Kentucky  Lexington KY USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8652-0394","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Kentucky  Lexington KY USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kentucky Geological Survey University of Kentucky  Lexington KY USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722","https://openalex.org/I4405262179"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054332338"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722","https://openalex.org/I4405262179"],"apc_list":{"value":2650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2650},"apc_paid":{"value":2650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2650},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73621889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"10","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landslide-mapping","display_name":"landslide mapping","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landslide-inventory","display_name":"landslide inventory","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning-segmentation","display_name":"deep learning segmentation","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar-digital-elevation-model","display_name":"LiDAR digital elevation model","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/u-net","display_name":"U-Net","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-pyramid-network","display_name":"feature pyramid network","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landslide-hazard","display_name":"landslide hazard","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landslide-susceptibility","display_name":"landslide susceptibility","score":0.6470000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186295008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167903","display_name":"Landslide","level":2,"score":0.745199978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7339000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.7325999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6654999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6230999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6037999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.49619999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49309998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.4366999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.4115999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39410599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433179","display_name":"Natural hazard","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206355099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3614972","display_name":"Hazard analysis","level":2,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/2025ea004937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ea004937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ea004937","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025EA004937","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764679394","display_name":"Earth and Space Science","issn_l":"2333-5084","issn":["2333-5084"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Earth and Space Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.22541/essoar.177265426.62613754/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.177265426.62613754/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.177265426.62613754/v1","pdf_url":"https://essopenarchive.org/doi/pdf/10.22541/essoar.177265426.62613754","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0d5264e777db4a20b5e46679690bdb68","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0d5264e777db4a20b5e46679690bdb68","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Earth and Space Science, Vol 13, Iss 10, Pp n/a-n/a (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2025ea004937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ea004937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ea004937","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025EA004937","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764679394","display_name":"Earth and Space Science","issn_l":"2333-5084","issn":["2333-5084"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Earth and Space Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4436210142","display_name":"Center Operations: Center for Land Surface Hazards (CLaSH)","funder_award_id":"2425607","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4751147742","display_name":"RII Track-1: Climate Resilience through Multidisciplinary Big Data Learning, Prediction & Building Response Systems (CLIMBS)","funder_award_id":"2344533","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338283","display_name":"Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04k9mqs78"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7218693173.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7218693173.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W99472775","https://openalex.org/W310439352","https://openalex.org/W1555328055","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1901616594","https://openalex.org/W1988378279","https://openalex.org/W2021466528","https://openalex.org/W2037402385","https://openalex.org/W2058082754","https://openalex.org/W2059435031","https://openalex.org/W2090715229","https://openalex.org/W2103079830","https://openalex.org/W2114298716","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2191761327","https://openalex.org/W2594046102","https://openalex.org/W2604400741","https://openalex.org/W2609801543","https://openalex.org/W2792546905","https://openalex.org/W2793831793","https://openalex.org/W2886101081","https://openalex.org/W2912361013","https://openalex.org/W2913323966","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2940726923","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2984248680","https://openalex.org/W2985812309","https://openalex.org/W3001525167","https://openalex.org/W3010757542","https://openalex.org/W3022007145","https://openalex.org/W3030139844","https://openalex.org/W3045352229","https://openalex.org/W3047392236","https://openalex.org/W3088226460","https://openalex.org/W3150685905","https://openalex.org/W3153990350","https://openalex.org/W3158723639","https://openalex.org/W3197879980","https://openalex.org/W3200228565","https://openalex.org/W4212863074","https://openalex.org/W4213048036","https://openalex.org/W4213060692","https://openalex.org/W4221041237","https://openalex.org/W4229372223","https://openalex.org/W4283640578","https://openalex.org/W4291743716","https://openalex.org/W4296569534","https://openalex.org/W4303968612","https://openalex.org/W4315498672","https://openalex.org/W4361268239","https://openalex.org/W4368373776","https://openalex.org/W4381662231","https://openalex.org/W4382301181","https://openalex.org/W4383555034","https://openalex.org/W4389327710","https://openalex.org/W4393227502","https://openalex.org/W4401256393","https://openalex.org/W4402612913","https://openalex.org/W4403859073","https://openalex.org/W4405824040","https://openalex.org/W4407802741","https://openalex.org/W4410085919","https://openalex.org/W6959932871","https://openalex.org/W7104467627","https://openalex.org/W7167791166"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4284964228","https://openalex.org/W7166869183","https://openalex.org/W4229372223","https://openalex.org/W4403776117","https://openalex.org/W4301184380","https://openalex.org/W3097387309","https://openalex.org/W3043068087","https://openalex.org/W4379515554","https://openalex.org/W3001525167","https://openalex.org/W4410324007"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Robust":[1],"landslide":[2,8,27,49,89,198,233,246],"inventories":[3],"are":[4,158,188],"critical":[5],"for":[6,45,226,244],"characterizing":[7],"hazard":[9],"and":[10,25,58,81,101,212,241],"helping":[11],"reduce":[12,238],"societal":[13],"vulnerability.":[14],"For":[15],"this":[16],"study,":[17],"LiDAR\u2010derived":[18,194],"digital":[19],"elevation":[20],"models":[21,37,164,181,187],"(DEMs),":[22],"their":[23],"derivatives,":[24],"a":[26,63,77,86,125],"inventory":[28,225],"were":[29,60,74,96],"used":[30,204,221],"to":[31,38,205,236],"train":[32],"different":[33],"deep":[34,52,184],"learning":[35,53,185],"segmentation":[36,44,54,186,199],"assess":[39],"the":[40,122,142,146,163,173,239],"functionality":[41],"of":[42,65,70,131,153,162,172],"automatic":[43],"high\u2010resolution,":[46],"non\u2010event":[47],"specific":[48],"inventories.":[50],"Three":[51],"approaches":[55],"(U\u2010Net,":[56],"MA\u2010Net,":[57],"FPN)":[59],"trained":[61,117,137,180],"with":[62,67,76,124,150],"variety":[64],"hyperparameters,":[66],"some":[68],"consideration":[69],"input":[71],"modalities.":[72],"Models":[73],"assessed":[75],"spatial":[78],"test":[79],"holdout":[80,88,148,175],"then":[82],"further":[83],"evaluated":[84],"against":[85,145],"proximal":[87,147,174],"inventory.":[90],"In":[91],"total,":[92],"90":[93],"model":[94,108,200],"scenarios":[95],"trained.":[97],"Model":[98],"performance":[99,144],"metrics":[100],"visual":[102],"assessment":[103],"suggested":[104,182],"that":[105,183],"in":[106,190,228],"general,":[107],"performances":[109,157],"varied":[110],"only":[111],"slightly":[112],"during":[113],"hyperparameter":[114],"tuning.":[115],"U\u2010Net":[116],"on":[118,138],"DEM":[119,139],"gradients":[120,140],"performed":[121],"best,":[123],"feature":[126],"IoU":[127,152],"(intersection":[128],"over":[129],"union)":[130],"0.407":[132],"among":[133],"all":[134],"scenarios.":[135],"MA\u2010Net":[136],"had":[141],"best":[143,168],"inventory,":[149],"an":[151,223],"0.398,":[154],"however":[155],"these":[156],"within":[159],"random":[160],"variability":[161],"indicating":[165],"no":[166],"clear":[167],"model.":[169],"A":[170,196],"comparison":[171],"inference":[176,216],"results":[177],"from":[178,193],"various":[179],"effective":[189],"mapping":[191,208],"landslides":[192],"DEMs.":[195],"well\u2010trained":[197],"could":[201,218],"potentially":[202],"be":[203,220],"aid":[206],"manual":[207],"by":[209],"improving":[210],"efficiency":[211],"accuracy.":[213],"The":[214],"direct":[215],"result":[217],"also":[219],"as":[222,232],"approximate":[224],"use":[227],"data\u2010driven":[229],"models,":[230,235],"such":[231],"susceptibility":[234],"significantly":[237],"time":[240],"resources":[242],"required":[243],"traditional":[245],"mapping.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-10-04T00:00:00"}