{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7218545623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_11_26","title":"Ambient heat exposure and heat-related illness burden in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of national surveillance data (2016\u20132023)","display_name":"Ambient heat exposure and heat-related illness burden in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of national surveillance data (2016\u20132023)","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7218545623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_11_26"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/ed.ed_11_26","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_11_26","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_11_26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174995","display_name":"Environmental Disease","issn_l":"2468-5690","issn":["2468-5690","2468-5704"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Disease","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_11_26","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121823997","display_name":"Ahmed Abdulaziz Almohammadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8731-5213","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8731-5213"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127754","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/030atj633","country_code":"SA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127754"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Abdulaziz Almohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Preventive Medicine, Aldaitha Healthcare Center, Madinah Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Madinah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Aldaitha Healthcare Center, Madinah Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Madinah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127754"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121823997"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127754"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67006057,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"108","last_page":"117"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11244","display_name":"Climate Change and Health Impacts","score":0.8964999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11244","display_name":"Climate Change and Health Impacts","score":0.8964999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11109","display_name":"Thermoregulation and physiological responses","score":0.10140000283718109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12365","display_name":"Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-related-illness","display_name":"heat-related illness","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-stroke","display_name":"heatstroke","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-exhaustion","display_name":"heat exhaustion","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambient-temperature","display_name":"ambient temperature","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-exposure","display_name":"heat exposure","score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-heat-exposure","display_name":"occupational heat exposure","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outdoor-workers","display_name":"outdoor workers","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hajj-pilgrimage","display_name":"Hajj pilgrimage","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-fatality-rate","display_name":"case fatality rate","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-variation","display_name":"seasonal variation","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-variation","display_name":"regional variation","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saudi-arabia","display_name":"Saudi Arabia","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"climate change","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-health-warning-systems","display_name":"heat-health warning systems","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-department-diagnosis","display_name":"emergency department diagnosis","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inpatient-diagnosis","display_name":"inpatient diagnosis","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arid-climate","display_name":"arid climate","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.5920000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.6086999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5608000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.5182999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4668000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776433176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191065","display_name":"Heat illness","level":2,"score":0.4661000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993190167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215864","display_name":"Extreme heat","level":3,"score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521751864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729207","display_name":"Christian ministry","level":2,"score":0.4018000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781009399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234915","display_name":"Hajj","level":3,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776480101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3555250","display_name":"Disease surveillance","level":3,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776297399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12643772","display_name":"Heat exhaustion","level":3,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987418964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242165","display_name":"Heat stress","level":2,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187155963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029","display_name":"Occupational safety and health","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150772632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330709","display_name":"Arid","level":2,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776361769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821775","display_name":"Public health surveillance","level":3,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101601086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753228","display_name":"Rank correlation","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780664029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282120","display_name":"Disease burden","level":3,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781342390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146321","display_name":"Under-reporting","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.2551000118255615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4103/ed.ed_11_26","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_11_26","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_11_26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174995","display_name":"Environmental Disease","issn_l":"2468-5690","issn":["2468-5690","2468-5704"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Disease","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/ed.ed_11_26","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_11_26","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_11_26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174995","display_name":"Environmental Disease","issn_l":"2468-5690","issn":["2468-5690","2468-5704"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Disease","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9940000176429749,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"score":0.685699999332428,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059796825","https://openalex.org/W2095611766","https://openalex.org/W2244217450","https://openalex.org/W2609332167","https://openalex.org/W2769759576","https://openalex.org/W2947262234","https://openalex.org/W3171801815","https://openalex.org/W4229653650","https://openalex.org/W4307402605","https://openalex.org/W4311154145"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7151991007","https://openalex.org/W7167891314","https://openalex.org/W6945997167","https://openalex.org/W2793129938","https://openalex.org/W4399379746","https://openalex.org/W4411828106","https://openalex.org/W3154989847","https://openalex.org/W4391725249","https://openalex.org/W2222588104","https://openalex.org/W7128585652"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Saudi":[1,56,89,105,294],"Arabia\u2019s":[2],"extreme":[3],"arid":[4],"climate,":[5],"with":[6,74,202,277],"summer":[7,306],"temperatures":[8],"routinely":[9],"exceeding":[10,207],"45\u00b0C,":[11],"constitutes":[12],"a":[13,183,203,278,286],"significant":[14],"environmental":[15,37,290],"health":[16,291],"hazard.":[17],"Despite":[18],"projected":[19],"intensification":[20],"of":[21,30,44,53,91,107,121,170,187,248,255,261,263,274,281],"heat":[22,122,125,309],"stress":[23],"under":[24],"climate":[25],"change,":[26],"comprehensive":[27],"national":[28,51],"analyses":[29],"heat-related":[31],"illness":[32],"(HRI)":[33],"incidence":[34,158,186,193],"patterns":[35],"and":[36,60,67,70,79,103,109,118,124,143,159,219,250,288,301,316],"determinants":[38],"remain":[39],"limited.":[40],"Objectives:":[41],"The":[42,227],"objective":[43],"this":[45,326],"study":[46,84,165,180],"is":[47],"to":[48,151,221,240,324],"characterize":[49],"the":[50,72,104,153,164,179,233],"burden":[52,236,292],"HRI":[54,113,157,172,275,284],"in":[55,195,225,268,293],"Arabia,":[57,295],"describe":[58],"temporal":[59],"geographic":[61],"distribution":[62,138],"patterns,":[63],"identify":[64],"high-risk":[65],"demographic":[66,144],"occupational":[68],"groups,":[69],"examine":[71],"associations":[73],"ambient":[75,160],"temperature":[76,161],"indicators.":[77],"Materials":[78],"Methods:":[80],"This":[81],"cross-sectional,":[82],"descriptive":[83],"analyzed":[85],"secondary":[86],"data":[87],"from":[88],"Ministry":[90],"Health":[92],"Annual":[93,192],"Statistical":[94],"Yearbooks":[95],"(2016\u20132023),":[96],"General":[97],"Authority":[98],"for":[99,232],"Statistics":[100],"population":[101],"records,":[102],"Presidency":[106],"Meteorology":[108],"Environment":[110],"climatological":[111],"reports.":[112],"cases":[114,175,249,265],"encompassed":[115],"emergency":[116],"department":[117],"inpatient":[119],"diagnoses":[120],"exhaustion":[123],"stroke.":[126],"Incidence":[127],"rates":[128],"were":[129,176,266],"calculated":[130],"per":[131,189,199,223],"100,000":[132,190,224],"population.":[133,191],"Descriptive":[134],"statistics":[135],"characterized":[136],"case":[137,235],"by":[139],"year,":[140],"region,":[141],"season,":[142],"subgroup.":[145],"Spearman\u2019s":[146],"rank":[147],"correlation":[148],"was":[149],"used":[150],"quantify":[152],"association":[154],"between":[155],"annual":[156,185,264],"indicators":[162],"across":[163],"period.":[166],"Results:":[167],"A":[168,259],"total":[169,260],"50,500":[171],"(Heat-Related":[173],"Illness)":[174],"recorded":[177],"over":[178],"period,":[181],"yielding":[182],"mean":[184],"18.8":[188],"peaked":[194],"2019":[196],"at":[197],"24.3":[198],"100,000,":[200],"coinciding":[201],"record":[204],"97":[205],"days":[206],"40\u00b0C":[208],"nationally,":[209],"before":[210],"declining":[211],"during":[212,304],"2020\u20132021":[213],"(coronavirus":[214],"disease":[215],"2019-associated":[216],"Hajj":[217,241],"restrictions)":[218],"rebounding":[220],"24.0":[222],"2023.":[226],"Western":[228],"region":[229],"(Makkah/Madinah)":[230],"accounted":[231],"highest":[234],"(38.2%),":[237],"substantially":[238],"attributable":[239],"pilgrimage":[242],"seasons.":[243],"Male":[244],"individuals":[245,303],"constituted":[246,272],"71.4%":[247],"outdoor":[251,298],"workers":[252],"represented":[253],"58.3%":[254],"affected":[256],"working-age":[257],"adults.":[258],"74.6%":[262],"concentrated":[267],"June\u2013August.":[269],"Heat":[270],"stroke":[271],"18.7%":[273],"cases,":[276],"case-fatality":[279],"rate":[280],"6.2%.":[282],"Conclusions:":[283],"represents":[285],"substantial":[287],"increasing":[289],"disproportionately":[296],"affecting":[297],"workers,":[299],"pilgrims,":[300],"male":[302],"peak":[305],"months.":[307],"Occupational":[308],"protection":[310],"regulations,":[311],"public":[312],"heat-health":[313],"warning":[314],"systems,":[315],"climate-sensitive":[317],"healthcare":[318],"capacity":[319],"planning":[320],"are":[321],"priority":[322],"interventions":[323],"reduce":[325],"preventable":[327],"burden.":[328]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-04T00:00:00"}
