{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7217426202","doi":null,"title":"The Unionist-League Conflict and Birth of Pakistan, 1937-47: The Complex Dynamics of Communal Politics in Punjab","display_name":"The Unionist-League Conflict and Birth of Pakistan, 1937-47: The Complex Dynamics of Communal Politics in Punjab","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7217426202"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.172.17.26.55:8340:article/6075","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ignited.in/index.php/jasrae/article/view/6075","pdf_url":"https://www.ignited.in/index.php/jasrae/article/download/6075/11952","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210275","display_name":"Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education","issn_l":"2230-7540","issn":["2230-7540"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2230-7540","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.ignited.in/index.php/jasrae/article/download/6075/11952","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5154372347","display_name":"Rajni  Thakur Rajni  Thakur","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rajni  Thakur, Rajni  Thakur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor in History , SMDRSD College , Pathankot"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor in History , SMDRSD College , Pathankot","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5154372347"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12949","display_name":"South Asian Studies and Diaspora","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12949","display_name":"South Asian Studies and Diaspora","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14141","display_name":"Colonial History and Postcolonial Studies","score":0.025800000876188278,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13029","display_name":"South Asian Studies and Conflicts","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communal-politics","display_name":"communal politics","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punjab","display_name":"Punjab","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muslim-league","display_name":"Muslim League","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jinnah","display_name":"Jinnah","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1937-elections","display_name":"1937 elections","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cripps-mission","display_name":"Cripps Mission","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partition-of-india","display_name":"Partition of India","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hindu-muslim-relations","display_name":"Hindu-Muslim relations","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sikh-community","display_name":"Sikh community","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coalition-government","display_name":"coalition government","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communal-riots","display_name":"communal riots","score":0.7990000247955322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207456731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660818","display_name":"League","level":2,"score":0.8331000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779220109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50000","display_name":"Victory","level":3,"score":0.649399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6212000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5541999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.4918999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48840001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46610780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9089","display_name":"Hinduism","level":2,"score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778631157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201759","display_name":"Slum","level":3,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776792762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6932314","display_name":"Muhammad-Ali","level":2,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4445939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432","display_name":"Islam","level":2,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59742305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076105","display_name":"General election","level":3,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780844005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779924","display_name":"Muslim world","level":3,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776568539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837416","display_name":"Coalition government","level":3,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34355311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166542","display_name":"International relations","level":3,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779808665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010072","display_name":"Militant","level":3,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6303427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398","display_name":"Economic history","level":1,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776693646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3534219","display_name":"Political opportunity","level":4,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776518542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2352121","display_name":"Sectarianism","level":3,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.172.17.26.55:8340:article/6075","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ignited.in/index.php/jasrae/article/view/6075","pdf_url":"https://www.ignited.in/index.php/jasrae/article/download/6075/11952","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210275","display_name":"Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education","issn_l":"2230-7540","issn":["2230-7540"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2230-7540","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.172.17.26.55:8340:article/6075","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ignited.in/index.php/jasrae/article/view/6075","pdf_url":"https://www.ignited.in/index.php/jasrae/article/download/6075/11952","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210275","display_name":"Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education","issn_l":"2230-7540","issn":["2230-7540"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2230-7540","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6601999998092651}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7217426202.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7217426202.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765989059","https://openalex.org/W7101062394","https://openalex.org/W3000485070","https://openalex.org/W7215191953","https://openalex.org/W568733027","https://openalex.org/W2904503912","https://openalex.org/W2466510570","https://openalex.org/W7203581214","https://openalex.org/W7155011922","https://openalex.org/W2906079643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,103],"communal":[1,207],"politics":[2],"of":[3,26,43,53,112,121,129,143,173,215],"the":[4,15,17,20,24,38,41,54,63,109,119,122,127,141,156,158,162,170,174,203,213],"Punjab":[5,55,175],"was":[6,47,136,198],"very":[7],"complicated":[8],"because":[9,57],"here":[10],"lived":[11,29],"three":[12],"communities":[13],"\u2013":[14,100],"Hindus,":[16],"Muslims":[18,36,56],"and":[19,34,90,125,161,219],"Sikhs.":[21],"According":[22],"to":[23,60,70,107,153,212],"census":[25],"1941,":[27],"there":[28],"13":[30],"Sikhs,":[31],"30":[32],"Hindus":[33],"57":[35],"in":[37,62,80,176,200],"Punjab.":[39,64],"In":[40,78,169],"elections":[42],"1937,":[44],"Muslim":[45,123,134,159,178,204],"League":[46,124,135,160,179,205],"defeated":[48],"badly.":[49],"Jinnah":[50,89,101,131],"wanted":[51],"cooperation":[52],"they":[58],"were":[59,221],"majority":[61],"For":[65],"this":[66],"reason":[67],"he":[68],"decided":[69],"make":[71],"an":[72,82],"agreement":[73,83],"with":[74],"Sikander":[75,92,99],"Hayyat":[76,93],"Khan.":[77],"Lucknow":[79],"1937":[81],"took":[84],"place":[85],"between":[86],"Mohammed":[87],"Ali":[88],"Sir":[91],"Khan":[94],"which":[95],"is":[96,105],"known":[97],"as":[98],"Pact.":[102],"pact":[104,116],"considered":[106],"be":[108],"diplomatic":[110],"victory":[111],"Mr.":[113,130],"Jinnah.":[114],"This":[115],"also":[117],"consolidated":[118],"position":[120],"enhanced":[126],"popularity":[128],"but":[132,155,187,202],"still":[133],"not":[137,190],"content.":[138],"It":[139],"passed":[140],"resolution":[142],"Independent":[144],"Pakistan":[145,220],"on":[146],"March":[147],"23,":[148],"1940.":[149],"Crips":[150],"mission":[151],"came":[152],"India":[154,218],"Congress,":[157],"Hindu":[163],"Maha":[164],"Sabha":[165],"rejected":[166],"its":[167],"recommendation.":[168],"assembly":[171],"election":[172],"1945-46,":[177],"won":[180],"more":[181],"seats":[182],"than":[183],"any":[184],"other":[185],"party,":[186],"it":[188],"could":[189],"get":[191],"absolute":[192],"majority.":[193],"Then":[194],"a":[195],"coalition":[196],"government":[197],"formed":[199],"Punjab,":[201],"started":[206],"riots.":[208],"At":[209],"last":[210],"according":[211],"recommendations":[214],"Lord":[216],"Mount-batton":[217],"partitioned.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00"}
