{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7216633072","doi":null,"title":"Open Educational Resources and Cost Savings Efforts: Lessons from WOU","display_name":"Open Educational Resources and Cost Savings Efforts: Lessons from WOU","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7216633072"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.172.104.181.126:article/42","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ijodel.upou.edu.ph/index/article/view/42","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387288894","display_name":"International Journal on Open and Distance e-Learning","issn_l":"2467-7469","issn":["2467-7469"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I97002122","host_organization_name":"University of the Philippines Open University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97002122"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2467-7469","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ijodel.upou.edu.ph/index/article/view/42","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103153111","display_name":"Prakash V. Arumugam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9204-8911","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9204-8911"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arumugam, Prakash V.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103153111"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12171","display_name":"Open Education and E-Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12171","display_name":"Open Education and E-Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13516","display_name":"Publishing and Scholarly Communication","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11813","display_name":"Library Collection Development and Digital Resources","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-educational-resources","display_name":"open educational resources","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-reduction","display_name":"cost reduction","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/course-development","display_name":"course development","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/textbook-replacement","display_name":"textbook replacement","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-open-university","display_name":"Open University","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/course-materials","display_name":"course materials","score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-management","display_name":"financial management","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-education","display_name":"distance education","score":0.6100000143051147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778526452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116781","display_name":"Open educational resources","level":2,"score":0.6001999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777552389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1962728","display_name":"Course (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.5823000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5196999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781052624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1031140","display_name":"Open education","level":2,"score":0.47029998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778025104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408004","display_name":"Toll","level":2,"score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.44449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780745866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6755402","display_name":"Open university","level":3,"score":0.4253000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.4196999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.40779998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019080777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754768","display_name":"Cost effectiveness","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94107157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077518","display_name":"Cost accounting","level":2,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988671617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1017569","display_name":"Business development","level":2,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182299520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289588","display_name":"Total cost","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987136238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55614501","display_name":"Educational resources","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503872463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159595","display_name":"Distance education","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780159726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008851","display_name":"Short course","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778693558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1955814","display_name":"Management development","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988064887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828748","display_name":"Continuing education","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986081426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Online course","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.172.104.181.126:article/42","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ijodel.upou.edu.ph/index/article/view/42","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387288894","display_name":"International Journal on Open and Distance e-Learning","issn_l":"2467-7469","issn":["2467-7469"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I97002122","host_organization_name":"University of the Philippines Open University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97002122"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2467-7469","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.172.104.181.126:article/42","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ijodel.upou.edu.ph/index/article/view/42","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387288894","display_name":"International Journal on Open and Distance e-Learning","issn_l":"2467-7469","issn":["2467-7469"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I97002122","host_organization_name":"University of the Philippines Open University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97002122"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2467-7469","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8629000186920166,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2795121027","https://openalex.org/W2663902800","https://openalex.org/W2898686577","https://openalex.org/W2924182965","https://openalex.org/W2559430970","https://openalex.org/W4214855879","https://openalex.org/W7009718528","https://openalex.org/W828001952","https://openalex.org/W3198562463","https://openalex.org/W6957537429"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0,65],"is":[1,191],"the":[2,48,51,89,101,130,146,152,155,172,179,195,198,211,229,235,240,244,253],"case":[3],"with":[4,19,120,143],"many":[5],"open":[6,70],"universities,":[7],"Wawasan":[8],"Open":[9],"University":[10],"relies":[11],"on":[12,47,213],"course":[13,17,26,37,60,85,102,124,147,158,184,230,247],"development":[14,86,103,126,148,156,185,231],"of":[15,33,50,69,92,123,154,157,181,194,197,200,223,228,246,257],"custom-designed":[16],"materials":[18,27,38,61,159],"self-instructional":[20],"properties":[21],"using":[22,62,216],"commissioned":[23],"writers.":[24],"These":[25],"are":[28,79],"usually":[29],"developed":[30],"as":[31,53,108,110,171,237,239],"adaption":[32],"textbooks":[34,139],"or":[35,186],"licensed":[36,141],"from":[39],"other":[40],"institutions.":[41],"This":[42,189,249],"eventually":[43],"took":[44],"a":[45,97,112,226,255],"toll":[46],"finances":[49],"university":[52,236,254],"it":[54,66],"was":[55,96],"becoming":[56],"costly":[57],"to":[58,99,137,150,165,207],"develop":[59],"this":[63,224],"model.":[64],"is,":[67],"proponents":[68],"educational":[71],"resources":[72],"(OER)":[73],"claim":[74],"that":[75,105],"significant":[76,221],"cost":[77,153,245],"savings":[78,242],"possible":[80],"when":[81],"OER":[82,144,182],"replaces":[83],"traditional":[84],"collaterals.":[87],"With":[88],"increasing":[90],"costs":[91,122],"content":[93],"creation,":[94],"there":[95],"need":[98],"re-evaluate":[100],"model":[104,232],"WOU":[106],"employs":[107],"well":[109,238],"define":[111],"more":[113,163],"prudent":[114],"financial":[115],"management":[116],"approach":[117],"in":[118,145,178,204,234,243],"dealing":[119],"escalating":[121],"material":[125],"and":[127,140,160,202],"delivery.":[128],"In":[129],"last":[131],"four":[132],"years,":[133],"attempts":[134],"were":[135,168,176,219],"made":[136],"replace":[138],"coursewares":[142],"process":[149],"minimise":[151],"make":[161],"them":[162],"accessible":[164],"all.":[166],"There":[167,218],"obvious":[169],"challenges":[170],"acceptance":[173],"among":[174],"academics":[175],"low":[177],"use":[180],"for":[183],"revision":[187],"purposes.":[188],"paper":[190],"an":[192],"account":[193],"experiences":[196],"School":[199],"Business":[201],"Administration":[203],"their":[205],"efforts":[206],"re-develop":[208],"(revise)":[209],"all":[210],"courses,":[212],"offer,":[214],"by":[215,262],"OER.":[217],"two":[220],"contributions":[222],"effort;":[225],"refinement":[227],"used":[233],"tremendous":[241],"development.":[248],"little":[250],"project":[251],"saved":[252],"total":[256],"RM1.4":[258],"million":[259],"(approximately":[260],"US$350000)":[261],"mid-2016.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-07T09:51:55.459714","created_date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00"}
