{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7216485755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.01978","title":"Intrinsic versus observation induced spin nonstationarity in pulsar timing","display_name":"Intrinsic versus observation induced spin nonstationarity in pulsar timing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7216485755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.01978"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.01978","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.01978","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.01978","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.01978","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054551047","display_name":"Reginald Christian Bernardo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8589-6851","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8589-6851"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","display_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/0304hq317","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127646","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/03sry2h30","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210127646"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bernardo, Reginald Christian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) , Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover , Callinstrasse 38 , D-30167 Hannover , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) , Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover , Callinstrasse 38 , D-30167 Hannover , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103","https://openalex.org/I4210127646"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054551047"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103","https://openalex.org/I4210127646"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10463","display_name":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10463","display_name":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10744","display_name":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11323","display_name":"Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutron-star-crust","display_name":"neutron star crust","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-component-model","display_name":"two-component model","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conservation-of-angular-momentum","display_name":"angular momentum conservation","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayes-factor","display_name":"Bayes factor","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulsar-glitches","display_name":"pulsar glitches","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-gravitational-waves","display_name":"continuous gravitational waves","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutron-star-structure","display_name":"neutron star structure","score":0.5440000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110363677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4360","display_name":"Pulsar","level":2,"score":0.7983999848365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.7389000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155675718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161254","display_name":"Angular momentum","level":2,"score":0.5708000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10238366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165618","display_name":"Moment of inertia","level":2,"score":0.5702000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42704618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910917","display_name":"Spin (aerodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5620999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192887742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202","display_name":"Neutron star","level":2,"score":0.5386999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.5235999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.47450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25536358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106667","display_name":"Superfluidity","level":2,"score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3450999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5667645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217255","display_name":"Lorentz transformation","level":2,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776698055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4232578","display_name":"Crust","level":2,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71993908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093427","display_name":"Lorentz covariance","level":3,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33026886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593950","display_name":"Rotational symmetry","level":2,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144386022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332997","display_name":"Scale factor (cosmology)","level":5,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142291917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4165283","display_name":"Bayes factor","level":4,"score":0.2596000134944916}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.01978","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.01978","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.01978","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.01978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.01978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.01978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.01978","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.01978","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.01978","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216485755.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216485755.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7216575945","https://openalex.org/W7220475213","https://openalex.org/W4283772875","https://openalex.org/W3126260789","https://openalex.org/W2019448857","https://openalex.org/W4393220631","https://openalex.org/W2979649642","https://openalex.org/W2087972029","https://openalex.org/W7153032380","https://openalex.org/W1980135431"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Whether":[0],"spin":[1,72,144,162],"noise":[2,73],"of":[3,15,89,118,204,212,245,263],"a":[4,13,58,66,90,94,110,170,232,254,258],"neutron":[5],"star":[6],"is":[7,20,37,62],"stationary":[8,96,159],"is,":[9],"in":[10,39,169],"two-component":[11,97],"models,":[12],"question":[14,36],"whether":[16],"stellar":[17],"angular":[18,43],"momentum":[19],"conserved":[21],"internally":[22],"or":[23],"exchanged":[24],"externally":[25],"through":[26,53,231],"independent":[27,243],"stochastic":[28],"torques":[29],"on":[30],"the":[31,40,51,82,102,116,121,156,179,185,191,197,208,222,227,237,264],"crust":[32,103,192,229],"and":[33,87,93,108,136,139,150,160,184,207,215],"superfluid.":[34],"The":[35,217],"posed":[38],"two":[41],"components'":[42],"velocities,":[44],"but":[45,164],"radio":[46],"pulsar":[47],"timing":[48,60,122,147],"observes":[49],"only":[50],"crust,":[52],"its":[54],"rotational":[55],"phase":[56,78,85,104,129,199,225,230],"after":[57,140],"deterministic":[59],"model":[61,123,148,219],"fitted.":[63],"We":[64,126],"develop":[65],"Gaussian":[67],"process":[68],"method":[69],"for":[70],"testing":[71],"stationarity":[74],"directly":[75],"with":[76,115,120],"such":[77],"data.":[79],"Starting":[80],"from":[81,131,249],"exact":[83],"analytical":[84],"means":[86],"covariances":[88,105],"singular,":[91],"nonstationary":[92,161],"minimal,":[95],"model,":[98],"we":[99],"show":[100],"that":[101,112,257],"are":[106,181,188,211],"semiseparable":[107],"construct":[109],"likelihood":[111],"scales":[113],"linearly":[114],"number":[117],"observations,":[119,138],"marginalized":[124],"analytically.":[125],"analyze":[127],"simulated":[128],"data":[130,173],"both":[132,176,194],"models":[133,180,195],"using":[134],"full-state":[135],"crust-only":[137],"differentiation":[141,151],"into":[142,253],"local":[143],"frequencies.":[145],"Integration,":[146],"removal":[149],"neither":[152],"create":[153],"nor":[154],"destroy":[155],"distinction":[157],"between":[158],"noise,":[163],"determine":[165],"how":[166],"much":[167,203],"survives":[168],"finite,":[171],"noisy":[172],"set.":[174],"With":[175,190],"components":[177],"observed,":[178],"distinguished":[182],"decisively":[183],"generating":[186],"parameters":[187],"recovered.":[189],"alone,":[193],"describe":[196],"observed":[198,228],"equally":[200],"well":[201],"over":[202],"parameter":[205],"space,":[206],"Bayes":[209],"factors":[210],"order":[213],"unity":[214],"prior-limited.":[216],"minimal":[218],"nonetheless":[220],"ties":[221],"hidden":[223],"superfluid":[224,238],"to":[226],"single":[233],"factor":[234],"set":[235],"by":[236],"inertia":[239],"fraction,":[240,247],"so":[241],"an":[242],"estimate":[244],"this":[246],"as":[248],"glitches,":[250],"turns":[251],"it":[252],"falsifiable":[255],"prediction":[256],"continuous":[259],"gravitational":[260],"wave":[261],"observation":[262],"interior":[265],"could":[266],"test.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00"}