{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7216423346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.01792","title":"Learnt Attacks on Quantum Key Distribution under Channel Noise and Device Drift","display_name":"Learnt Attacks on Quantum Key Distribution under Channel Noise and Device Drift","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7216423346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.01792"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.01792","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.01792","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.01792","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.01792","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099121229","display_name":"Marcel Mordarski","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mordarski, Marcel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gras, Benjamin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gras, Benjamin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136122816","display_name":"Abdelrahman Shehata","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shehata, Abdelrahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5154895535","display_name":"Daniel Budina","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Budina, Daniel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010284412","display_name":"Roberto Bondesan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8184-304X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8184-304X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bondesan, Roberto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"quantum key distribution","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-noise","display_name":"channel noise","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"reinforcement learning","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constrained-markov-decision-process","display_name":"constrained Markov decision process","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ornstein-uhlenbeck-process","display_name":"Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude-damping-channel","display_name":"amplitude damping channel","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bb84-protocol","display_name":"BB84 protocol","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/holevo-information","display_name":"Holevo information","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-attacks","display_name":"collective attacks","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-rate","display_name":"key rate","score":0.5139999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5652999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.49079999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.44269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4165000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4027999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.38109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112633086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381287","display_name":"White noise","level":2,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47750902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1557574","display_name":"Key size","level":4,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78203541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2566969","display_name":"BB84","level":5,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111996192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269075","display_name":"Quantum noise","level":3,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.3100999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162932704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058791","display_name":"Synchronizing","level":3,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38976095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752641","display_name":"Asymmetry","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.01792","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.01792","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.01792","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.01792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.01792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.01792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.01792","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.01792","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.01792","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216423346.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216423346.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980534149","https://openalex.org/W2032484337","https://openalex.org/W2038048489","https://openalex.org/W2060333719","https://openalex.org/W2071764857","https://openalex.org/W2079729767","https://openalex.org/W2088812856","https://openalex.org/W2121114422","https://openalex.org/W2162178369","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2767107538","https://openalex.org/W2785430118","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964291307","https://openalex.org/W3029294091","https://openalex.org/W3037164854","https://openalex.org/W3041924975","https://openalex.org/W3135857312","https://openalex.org/W3175618095","https://openalex.org/W4221149052","https://openalex.org/W4287393861","https://openalex.org/W4322767342","https://openalex.org/W4324106947","https://openalex.org/W4389381352","https://openalex.org/W4413191923","https://openalex.org/W7127311856","https://openalex.org/W7165669705"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7165669705","https://openalex.org/W7163385713","https://openalex.org/W7133735474","https://openalex.org/W7221922545","https://openalex.org/W7108954012","https://openalex.org/W7221186975","https://openalex.org/W4403885081","https://openalex.org/W4413191923","https://openalex.org/W7222129097","https://openalex.org/W7162670953"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"key":[1,243],"distribution":[2],"(QKD)":[3],"links":[4],"are":[5,100,127],"provisioned":[6],"from":[7,170,216,232,254],"security":[8],"analyses":[9],"of":[10,80,84,183,206,250],"stationary":[11,211],"channels,":[12],"whereas":[13],"the":[14,18,29,55,63,71,89,121,142,152,173,184,207,213,237,241,247,251],"devices":[15],"that":[16,36],"determine":[17],"channel":[19],"drift":[20,37],"between":[21,221],"recalibrations.":[22],"Whether":[23],"an":[24,67,222],"eavesdropper":[25],"who":[26],"cannot":[27],"alter":[28],"channel's":[30],"own":[31],"noise":[32,64,145],"gains":[33],"by":[34,88,200],"following":[35],"has":[38],"not":[39],"been":[40],"quantified.":[41],"Adaptive":[42],"eavesdropping":[43],"is":[44,74,86],"posed":[45],"here":[46,120],"as":[47],"a":[48,75,94,108,112,117,137,148,163,190,196,225],"constrained":[49],"Markov":[50],"decision":[51],"process":[52,69],"in":[53,202],"which":[54],"attacker":[56,165],"selects":[57],"one":[58],"circuit":[59,92,110,176],"per":[60],"round":[61],"while":[62],"level":[65],"follows":[66],"Ornstein--Uhlenbeck":[68],"and":[70,93,124,224,240,245],"abort":[72],"condition":[73],"budget":[76],"over":[77],"each":[78],"block":[79],"rounds.":[81],"The":[82,98,229],"value":[83],"adaptation":[85],"bounded":[87],"best":[90,174],"fixed":[91,113,118,175],"dynamic-programming":[95],"upper":[96,185,208],"bound.":[97,186,209],"actions":[99],"learnt":[101],"attacks.":[102],"Whereas":[103],"Decker":[104],"et":[105],"al.":[106],"trained":[107],"parametrised":[109],"on":[111],"gate":[114,122,234],"template":[115],"against":[116],"channel,":[119,193],"structure":[123],"rotation":[125],"angles":[126],"searched":[128],"jointly.":[129],"This":[130],"yields":[131],"circuits":[132],"compact":[133],"enough":[134],"to":[135,144,177],"form":[136],"discrete":[138],"action":[139],"set,":[140],"extending":[141],"construction":[143],"models":[146],"lacking":[147],"known":[149],"template,":[150],"including":[151],"amplitude":[153],"damping":[154],"channel.":[155],"On":[156,187],"device-independent":[157],"E91":[158],"under":[159,189],"bilateral":[160],"depolarising":[161],"noise,":[162,212],"reinforcement-learning":[164],"raises":[166],"her":[167],"Holevo":[168],"information":[169],"$0.135$":[171],"for":[172],"$0.348$":[178],"at":[179],"zero":[180],"detection,":[181],"$98\\%$":[182],"BB84":[188],"drifting":[191],"bit-flip":[192],"she":[194],"exceeds":[195],"conservative":[197],"noise-indexed":[198],"rule":[199],"$0.024$":[201],"fidelity,":[203],"reaching":[204],"$99\\%$":[205],"Under":[210],"attacker's":[214],"gain":[215],"basis":[217],"asymmetry":[218],"changes":[219],"sign":[220],"averaged":[223],"per-basis":[226],"error-rate":[227],"constraint.":[228],"search,":[230],"started":[231],"random":[233],"sequences,":[235],"recovers":[236],"analytical":[238],"cloners":[239],"collective-attack":[242],"rate,":[244],"meets":[246],"lower":[248],"bound":[249],"Winick--L\u00fctkenhaus--Coles":[252],"objective":[253],"above.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00"}