{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7216367337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1863910","title":"An exploratory simulation of the optimization of leukocyte transmigration, indicating that barrier routing is governed by context-dependent biochemical cues rather than hardwired programs","display_name":"An exploratory simulation of the optimization of leukocyte transmigration, indicating that barrier routing is governed by context-dependent biochemical cues rather than hardwired programs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7216367337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1863910","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42890972","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13672675"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1863910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1863910","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1863910","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1863910/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1863910/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020281900","display_name":"Piotr Religa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3884-2954","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3884-2954"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Piotr Religa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137188633","display_name":"Michel-Edwar Mickael","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085900","display_name":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0038zp908","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210085900","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michel-Edwar Mickael","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085900","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066384274","display_name":"Norwin Kubick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8958-0352","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8958-0352"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norwin Kubick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070783794","display_name":"Jaros\u0142aw Olav Horba\u0144czuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7561-0941","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7561-0941"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085900","display_name":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0038zp908","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210085900","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaros\u0142aw Olav Horba\u0144czuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085900","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087998951","display_name":"Mariusz Sacharczuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6309-5292","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6309-5292"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085900","display_name":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0038zp908","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210085900","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mariusz Sacharczuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085900","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020281900","https://openalex.org/A5087998951"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907","https://openalex.org/I4210085900","https://openalex.org/I99542240"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69373861,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1863910","last_page":"1863910"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11872","display_name":"Barrier Structure and Function Studies","score":0.8339999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11872","display_name":"Barrier Structure and Function Studies","score":0.8339999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10379","display_name":"Cellular Mechanics and Interactions","score":0.09989999979734421,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10831","display_name":"Cell Adhesion Molecules Research","score":0.05469999834895134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2723","display_name":"Immunology and Allergy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leukocyte-extravasation","display_name":"leukocyte transmigration","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-brain-barrier","display_name":"blood-brain barrier","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcellular-migration","display_name":"transcellular migration","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/route-switching","display_name":"route switching","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-minimization-model","display_name":"energy minimization model","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd31","display_name":"CD31","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferon-gamma","display_name":"interferon-gamma","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/il-17","display_name":"IL-17","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/th17-cells","display_name":"Th17 cells","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/th1-cells","display_name":"Th1 cells","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroinflammation","display_name":"neuroinflammation","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytokine-signaling","display_name":"cytokine signaling","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endothelial-junctions","display_name":"endothelial junctions","score":0.656000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176285220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833830","display_name":"Transcellular","level":2,"score":0.6431999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181104049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11936292","display_name":"Mechanotransduction","level":2,"score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147370603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3801506","display_name":"Hyperelastic material","level":3,"score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60903277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2051926","display_name":"Paracellular transport","level":4,"score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780171871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804676","display_name":"Mechanobiology","level":2,"score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6899612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852911","display_name":"Resistive touchscreen","level":2,"score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37610000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54166955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658145","display_name":"Chemotaxis","level":3,"score":0.3684999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123012128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376430","display_name":"Endothelial stem cell","level":3,"score":0.36309999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189092","display_name":"Cell migration","level":3,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910341952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570425","display_name":"Leukocyte Trafficking","level":4,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84416704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188666","display_name":"Adhesion","level":2,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85789140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187640","display_name":"Cell adhesion","level":3,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153400128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150731","display_name":"Infiltration (HVAC)","level":2,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150555746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210973","display_name":"Cell signaling","level":3,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169822122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230187","display_name":"Crosstalk","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39743133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3262595","display_name":"Signalling","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14961307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5377176","display_name":"Energy minimization","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001812","descriptor_name":"Blood-Brain Barrier","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001812","descriptor_name":"Blood-Brain Barrier","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002465","descriptor_name":"Cell Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007962","descriptor_name":"Leukocytes","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015398","descriptor_name":"Signal Transduction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018799","descriptor_name":"Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D042783","descriptor_name":"Endothelial Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057705","descriptor_name":"Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1863910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1863910","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1863910","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1863910/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13672675","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42890972/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13672675/pdf/fimmu-17-1863910.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Immunol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42890972","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42890972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in immunology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0815ee79cc354897a9333c68707b408d","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0815ee79cc354897a9333c68707b408d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1863910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1863910","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1863910","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1863910/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338065","display_name":"Institute of Genetics","ror":"https://ror.org/03gwhmn95"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216367337.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216367337.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500831274","https://openalex.org/W1963969404","https://openalex.org/W1978932874","https://openalex.org/W1982779914","https://openalex.org/W2002594335","https://openalex.org/W2033406794","https://openalex.org/W2045820243","https://openalex.org/W2049285713","https://openalex.org/W2059571424","https://openalex.org/W2079175432","https://openalex.org/W2084550748","https://openalex.org/W2118978641","https://openalex.org/W2133054656","https://openalex.org/W2138402450","https://openalex.org/W2144064731","https://openalex.org/W2149956571","https://openalex.org/W2150066013","https://openalex.org/W2153046528","https://openalex.org/W2162780747","https://openalex.org/W2166739553","https://openalex.org/W2171956751","https://openalex.org/W2332395127","https://openalex.org/W3093148868","https://openalex.org/W4385830351","https://openalex.org/W4405532683"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3175558371","https://openalex.org/W3181801802","https://openalex.org/W1968634197","https://openalex.org/W7036056863","https://openalex.org/W2144064731","https://openalex.org/W6909084817","https://openalex.org/W2166769371","https://openalex.org/W2065797048","https://openalex.org/W3047143099","https://openalex.org/W1977899668"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Leukocyte":[1],"infiltration":[2],"across":[3],"the":[4,13,22,45,98,103,106,175,220,241,245,257,264,271],"blood-brain":[5],"barrier":[6,23],"contributes":[7],"to":[8,69,152],"many":[9],"neuroinflammatory":[10],"disorders,":[11],"yet":[12],"physical":[14,209,265],"mechanisms":[15,281],"that":[16,96,120,230,282],"determine":[17,153],"how":[18,32],"immune":[19],"cells":[20],"cross":[21],"remain":[24],"incompletely":[25],"understood.":[26],"In":[27],"particular,":[28],"it":[29],"is":[30,51,233],"unclear":[31],"leukocytes":[33],"choose":[34],"between":[35],"paracellular":[36],"migration":[37,43,73,254],"through":[38,44],"endothelial":[39,46,246],"junctions":[40],"and":[41,65,105,135,142,157,183,211,275],"transcellular":[42],"cell":[47],"body.":[48],"This":[49],"question":[50],"especially":[52],"relevant":[53],"during":[54,286],"central":[55,272],"nervous":[56,273],"system":[57,274],"inflammation,":[58],"where":[59],"different":[60],"T-lymphocyte":[61],"subsets,":[62],"including":[63],"Th1":[64],"Th17":[66],"cells,":[67],"appear":[68],"preferentially":[70],"use":[71],"distinct":[72,185],"routes.":[74],"Previous":[75],"studies":[76],"have":[77,90],"examined":[78],"individual":[79],"mechanical":[80,156,188,242],"forces":[81],"or":[82],"upstream":[83],"biochemical":[84,237],"signaling":[85,158],"pathways,":[86],"but":[87],"these":[88],"approaches":[89],"not":[91],"provided":[92],"a":[93,115,251,277],"unified":[94],"framework":[95,278],"considers":[97],"energetic":[99,259],"contributions":[100],"of":[101,187,219,244],"both":[102],"leukocyte":[104,231,284],"deforming":[107],"endothelium.":[108],"Methods:":[109],"To":[110],"address":[111],"this,":[112],"we":[113],"developed":[114],"two-route":[116],"energy":[117,169],"minimization":[118],"model":[119,173],"incorporates":[121],"an":[122],"anisotropic,":[123],"fiber-reinforced":[124],"hyperelastic":[125],"model,":[126],"junctional":[127],"unzipping,":[128],"Helfrich":[129],"membrane":[130],"bending,":[131],"caveolar":[132],"vesicle":[133],"fusion,":[134],"cytokine-dependent":[136],"signaling.":[137],"Model":[138],"parameters":[139,159],"were":[140],"optimized,":[141],"route":[143,162,193,223],"switching":[144,163],"was":[145,195],"evaluated":[146],"using":[147],"Sobol":[148],"global":[149],"sensitivity":[150],"analysis":[151],"which":[154,215],"specific":[155],"independently":[160],"drive":[161],"rather":[164,248],"than":[165,249],"merely":[166],"scaling":[167],"overall":[168],"magnitude.":[170],"Results:":[171],"The":[172],"reproduced":[174],"experimental":[176],"validation":[177],"conditions":[178,238],"used":[179],"in":[180,222],"this":[181],"study":[182],"identified":[184],"regimes":[186],"control.":[189],"Under":[190,202],"IFN-\u03b3-dominant":[191],"conditions,":[192,204],"selection":[194],"influenced":[196],"primarily":[197],"by":[198,235,250],"ICAM-1":[199],"adhesion":[200],"kinetics.":[201],"IL-17-dominant":[203],"control":[205],"shifted":[206],"toward":[207],"PECAM-1-related":[208],"properties":[210,243],"their":[212],"nonlinear":[213],"interactions,":[214],"accounted":[216],"for":[217,279],"76%":[218],"variance":[221],"switching.":[224],"Discussion:":[225],"These":[226],"exploratory":[227],"findings":[228],"suggest":[229],"transmigration":[232],"shaped":[234],"local":[236],"together":[239],"with":[240],"barrier,":[247],"single":[252],"fixed":[253],"program.":[255],"Mapping":[256],"associated":[258],"landscape":[260],"may":[261],"help":[262],"clarify":[263],"factors":[266],"governing":[267],"immune-cell":[268],"entry":[269],"into":[270],"provide":[276],"studying":[280],"regulate":[283],"trafficking":[285],"neuroinflammation.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00"}