{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7216347886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70922/gppb7p18","title":"Relationship Between Principal Instructional Leadership and Students' 21st Century Skills Performance on the National Achievement Test (NAT)","display_name":"Relationship Between Principal Instructional Leadership and Students' 21st Century Skills Performance on the National Achievement Test (NAT)","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7216347886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70922/gppb7p18"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.70922/gppb7p18","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70922/gppb7p18","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70922/gppb7p18","pdf_url":"https://publishing.pup.edu.ph/ojs/index.php/EdRev/article/download/483/465/2995","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5406968148","display_name":"Education Review","issn_l":"1908-8701","issn":["1908-8701","2546-0730"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800060660","host_organization_name":"Polytechnic University of the Philippines","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800060660"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Education Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://publishing.pup.edu.ph/ojs/index.php/EdRev/article/download/483/465/2995","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065279771","display_name":"Mark Jhon R. Prestoza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4344-4504","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4344-4504"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I389346","display_name":"Isabela State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03c336h16","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I389346"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark-Jhon Prestoza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Isabela State University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4344-4504","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Isabela State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I389346"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118626862","display_name":"Ni\u00f1o D. Naldoza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8323-0740","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8323-0740"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I245213965","display_name":"Philippine Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d5rbb25","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I245213965"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nino Naldoza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Philippine Normal University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8323-0740","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Philippine Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I245213965"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0277,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90178261,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12952","display_name":"School Leadership and Teacher Performance","score":0.8906000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12952","display_name":"School Leadership and Teacher Performance","score":0.8906000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14060","display_name":"Education and Communication Studies","score":0.09000000357627869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13884","display_name":"Educational Leadership and Practices","score":0.00989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-instructional-leadership","display_name":"principal instructional leadership","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/21st-century-skills","display_name":"21st century skills","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-achievement-test","display_name":"national achievement tests","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-solving","display_name":"problem solving","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-literacy","display_name":"information literacy","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-thinking","display_name":"critical thinking","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-performance","display_name":"teacher performance","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-schools","display_name":"public schools","score":0.5090000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339345","display_name":"Instructional leadership","level":3,"score":0.829200029373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144559511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986279","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6902999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49898467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1517706","display_name":"Stratified sampling","level":2,"score":0.6362000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111366508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5341291","display_name":"Educational leadership","level":2,"score":0.5467000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.520799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720","display_name":"Rating scale","level":2,"score":0.5023999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48750001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986206625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18185","display_name":"Student achievement","level":3,"score":0.4722000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81369262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6165531","display_name":"Achievement test","level":3,"score":0.4187000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107309635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484275","display_name":"Leadership","level":3,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97082442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1934361","display_name":"Skills management","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197386563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508686","display_name":"Leadership style","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993311118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51379","display_name":"Positive relationship","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986115478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186290","display_name":"Positive correlation","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51067260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828812","display_name":"Professional development","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.70922/gppb7p18","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70922/gppb7p18","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70922/gppb7p18","pdf_url":"https://publishing.pup.edu.ph/ojs/index.php/EdRev/article/download/483/465/2995","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5406968148","display_name":"Education Review","issn_l":"1908-8701","issn":["1908-8701","2546-0730"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800060660","host_organization_name":"Polytechnic University of the Philippines","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800060660"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Education Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.pup.edu.ph:article/483","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publishing.pup.edu.ph/ojs/index.php/index/article/view/483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5406968148","display_name":"Education Review","issn_l":"1908-8701","issn":["1908-8701","2546-0730"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800060660","host_organization_name":"Polytechnic University of the Philippines","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800060660"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"1908-8701","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.70922/gppb7p18","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70922/gppb7p18","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70922/gppb7p18","pdf_url":"https://publishing.pup.edu.ph/ojs/index.php/EdRev/article/download/483/465/2995","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5406968148","display_name":"Education Review","issn_l":"1908-8701","issn":["1908-8701","2546-0730"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800060660","host_organization_name":"Polytechnic University of the Philippines","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800060660"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Education Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9901999831199646}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216347886.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216347886.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070862216","https://openalex.org/W3009694997","https://openalex.org/W4210563259","https://openalex.org/W4281253792","https://openalex.org/W4284994790","https://openalex.org/W4310193183","https://openalex.org/W4396955671"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4251017190","https://openalex.org/W3015792776","https://openalex.org/W4365607765","https://openalex.org/W4287028860","https://openalex.org/W7171075151","https://openalex.org/W154590159","https://openalex.org/W4290766599","https://openalex.org/W2618950479","https://openalex.org/W7202262443","https://openalex.org/W7216949117"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,46,172],"aims":[2],"to":[3],"examine":[4],"the":[5,23,42,66,74,96,158,169,174,205],"relationship":[6,139],"between":[7,142,157],"principal":[8,70,144],"instructional":[9,71,163,178,210],"leadership":[10,72,145,159,192,211],"behaviours":[11,146],"and":[12,52,90,106,147,165,212],"students'":[13,84],"performance":[14,85,167],"in":[15,65,86,119,134,184],"key":[16],"21st":[17,122,214],"Century":[18,123,215],"Skills,":[19,124],"as":[20,180],"measured":[21,94],"by":[22],"National":[24],"Achievement":[25],"Test":[26],"(NAT).":[27],"The":[28,44,110,171],"sample":[29],"was":[30,81,93,101,140,155],"selected":[31],"using":[32,95,103],"a":[33,60,129,151,197],"stratified":[34],"random":[35],"sampling":[36],"method,":[37],"encompassing":[38],"public":[39],"schools":[40],"within":[41],"region.":[43,67],"final":[45],"group":[47],"consisted":[48],"of":[49,62,161,176],"11":[50],"principals":[51],"327":[53],"teachers":[54,64],"across":[55],"various":[56],"educational":[57],"institutions,":[58],"with":[59,125],"total":[61],"670":[63],"To":[68],"assess":[69],"behaviours,":[73],"Principal":[75],"Instructional":[76],"Management":[77],"Rating":[78],"Scale":[79],"(PIMRS)":[80],"employed,":[82],"while":[83,188],"problem-solving,":[87],"information":[88],"literacy,":[89],"critical":[91],"thinking":[92],"NAT":[97],"results.":[98],"Data":[99],"analysis":[100],"conducted":[102],"Spearman's":[104],"correlation":[105,154],"multiple":[107],"linear":[108],"regression.":[109],"findings":[111],"revealed":[112],"that":[113,190],"students":[114],"exhibited":[115],"low":[116],"proficiency":[117],"levels":[118],"all":[120],"three":[121],"mean":[126],"scores":[127],"indicating":[128],"need":[130],"for":[131,208],"further":[132],"development":[133,217],"these":[135],"areas.":[136],"No":[137],"significant":[138,152],"found":[141],"most":[143],"student":[148,201],"performance.":[149],"However,":[150],"positive":[153],"identified":[156],"behaviour":[160],"protecting":[162,177],"time":[164,179],"teacher":[166,186],"on":[168,200,204],"NAT.":[170],"underscores":[173],"importance":[175],"an":[181],"essential":[182],"factor":[183],"enhancing":[185],"effectiveness,":[187],"suggesting":[189],"other":[191],"practices":[193],"may":[194],"not":[195],"have":[196,218],"direct":[198],"impact":[199],"achievement.":[202],"Based":[203],"findings,":[206],"recommendations":[207],"improving":[209],"prioritizing":[213],"Skills":[216],"been":[219],"made.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00"}
