{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7216339838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.755628","title":"Sociality shapes context-dependent stress responses to anthropogenic disturbance in African elephants","display_name":"Sociality shapes context-dependent stress responses to anthropogenic disturbance in African elephants","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7216339838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.755628"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.30.755628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.755628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.755628","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/02/2026.09.30.755628.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/02/2026.09.30.755628.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099382279","display_name":"Kyla R. Funk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2254-0310","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2254-0310"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyla R. Funk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2254-0310","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003766020","display_name":"Levi Newediuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0719-9596","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0719-9596"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I870124129","display_name":"Mount Royal University","ror":"https://ror.org/04evsam41","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I870124129"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Levi Newediuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I870124129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089260946","display_name":"Leslie Robert Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1026-5438","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1026-5438"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165390105","display_name":"University of South Africa","ror":"https://ror.org/048cwvf49","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165390105"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leslie R. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165390105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010435984","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Ganswindt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1474-7602","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1474-7602"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andre Ganswindt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058795338","display_name":"Eric Vander Wal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8534-4317","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8534-4317"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Vander Wal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada","Department of Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5099382279"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.8535000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.8535000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10838","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","score":0.11289999634027481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.016100000590085983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-elephant","display_name":"Loxodonta africana","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropogenic-disturbance","display_name":"human disturbance","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fecal-glucocorticoid-metabolites","display_name":"fecal glucocorticoid metabolites","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physiological-stress","display_name":"physiological stress","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-rank","display_name":"social rank","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-network-centrality","display_name":"social network centrality","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wildlife-management","display_name":"wildlife management","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-ecological-interactions","display_name":"social-ecological interactions","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conservation-management","display_name":"conservation management","score":0.3109999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283581","display_name":"Disturbance (geology)","level":2,"score":0.604200005531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16634123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551393","display_name":"Social stress","level":2,"score":0.567799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5493999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125370674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1527480","display_name":"Stressor","level":2,"score":0.5242000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422549","display_name":"Glucocorticoid","level":2,"score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.4438000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110379092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571836","display_name":"Social environment","level":2,"score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117045392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4899215","display_name":"Betweenness centrality","level":3,"score":0.39419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176544851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3307505","display_name":"Sociality","level":2,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130939695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3307505","display_name":"Social animal","level":2,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130064352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relation","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16989226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16934857","display_name":"Environmental change","level":3,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79416737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2305519","display_name":"Social learning","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4727928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","level":3,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180872759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874405","display_name":"Social group","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.30.755628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.755628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.755628","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/02/2026.09.30.755628.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.30.755628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.755628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.755628","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/02/2026.09.30.755628.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":0.7605999708175659}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323319","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216339838.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216339838.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17118934","https://openalex.org/W1493562038","https://openalex.org/W1828958803","https://openalex.org/W1990064048","https://openalex.org/W1997691616","https://openalex.org/W2004049668","https://openalex.org/W2023821083","https://openalex.org/W2035312355","https://openalex.org/W2040032582","https://openalex.org/W2054820883","https://openalex.org/W2055461003","https://openalex.org/W2058875527","https://openalex.org/W2061162742","https://openalex.org/W2063374545","https://openalex.org/W2068115451","https://openalex.org/W2068392981","https://openalex.org/W2069736983","https://openalex.org/W2096006324","https://openalex.org/W2104680520","https://openalex.org/W2108282475","https://openalex.org/W2116595332","https://openalex.org/W2121649621","https://openalex.org/W2122944480","https://openalex.org/W2128096414","https://openalex.org/W2130069391","https://openalex.org/W2132539548","https://openalex.org/W2136091506","https://openalex.org/W2143538093","https://openalex.org/W2145087767","https://openalex.org/W2150752523","https://openalex.org/W2156300644","https://openalex.org/W2165558339","https://openalex.org/W2165725730","https://openalex.org/W2166981541","https://openalex.org/W2211181437","https://openalex.org/W2418992898","https://openalex.org/W2547456582","https://openalex.org/W2610362422","https://openalex.org/W2623082740","https://openalex.org/W2749069611","https://openalex.org/W2783807697","https://openalex.org/W2800871429","https://openalex.org/W2801940918","https://openalex.org/W2904925972","https://openalex.org/W2962664096","https://openalex.org/W2968619018","https://openalex.org/W2976196215","https://openalex.org/W3048600407","https://openalex.org/W3126210202","https://openalex.org/W3134423717","https://openalex.org/W3205346086","https://openalex.org/W3217202537","https://openalex.org/W4206229874","https://openalex.org/W4220675868","https://openalex.org/W4247341934","https://openalex.org/W4280535598","https://openalex.org/W4285388223","https://openalex.org/W4289837273","https://openalex.org/W4296690282","https://openalex.org/W4303184001","https://openalex.org/W4317867448","https://openalex.org/W4385476027","https://openalex.org/W4401308164","https://openalex.org/W4406030102","https://openalex.org/W4406641065","https://openalex.org/W4410255976","https://openalex.org/W4412109809","https://openalex.org/W6912976983","https://openalex.org/W7084586439","https://openalex.org/W7125154767"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2804667199","https://openalex.org/W2807293553","https://openalex.org/W2994238922","https://openalex.org/W4387300171","https://openalex.org/W3003473599","https://openalex.org/W2971449933","https://openalex.org/W7137384844","https://openalex.org/W2124206219","https://openalex.org/W3097567327","https://openalex.org/W2062317678"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Social":[1,136,307],"relationships":[2],"can":[3,202,239,254,309],"buffer":[4],"individuals":[5,144,294],"against":[6],"environmental":[7,19,42,54,100,109,318],"challenges,":[8],"reducing":[9],"the":[10,95,215,236,256,262],"physiological":[11,23,51,193,205,228,283,328],"costs":[12,206],"of":[13,71,178],"disturbance.":[14],"Assessing":[15],"how":[16,88,321],"social":[17,40,48,89,162,190,212,225,233,248,263,286,322],"and":[18,41,60,101,115,198,214,221,235,243,261,272,324],"conditions":[20],"jointly":[21,326],"shape":[22,327],"stress":[24,297],"is":[25,290],"critical":[26],"for":[27,224,270],"predicting":[28],"individual":[29],"responses":[30,52,194,229,298],"to":[31,53,104,195,230],"disturbance,":[32,142,300],"particularly":[33],"in":[34,78,94,247,260,277],"managed":[35],"populations.":[36],"We":[37,56,274],"evaluated":[38],"whether":[39,47],"stressors":[43],"act":[44],"additively":[45],"or":[46],"context":[49,139],"modifies":[50],"challenges.":[55],"combined":[57],"behavioural":[58],"data":[59],"faecal":[61],"glucocorticoid":[62,106,120,134,147,166,184],"metabolite":[63],"samples":[64],"from":[65],"a":[66,79,83,126],"small,":[67],"intensively":[68],"monitored":[69],"population":[70],"African":[72,278],"elephants":[73],"(":[74],"Loxodonta":[75],"africana":[76],")":[77],"fenced":[80],"reserve.":[81],"Using":[82],"Bayesian":[84],"framework,":[85],"we":[86],"tested":[87],"factors":[90,191,213,234,323],"interacted":[91],"with":[92,132,160,268],"variation":[93],"biophysical":[96,216,237],"environment,":[97],"including":[98,111],"natural":[99],"anthropogenic":[102,196],"disturbances,":[103],"predict":[105,119,183],"concentrations.":[107,121,135],"Natural":[108],"variables,":[110],"weather,":[112],"water":[113],"availability,":[114],"season,":[116],"did":[117,181],"not":[118,182],"In":[122],"contrast,":[123],"helicopter":[124],"use,":[125],"common":[127],"management":[128,200,222,245],"intervention,":[129],"was":[130,171],"associated":[131],"higher":[133,146],"effects":[137],"were":[138],"dependent.":[140],"Following":[141],"low-ranking":[143],"showed":[145],"concentrations":[148],"than":[149],"high-ranking":[150],"individuals,":[151],"whereas":[152,301],"this":[153,169,314],"pattern":[154],"reversed":[155],"under":[156,174,304],"low-disturbance":[157],"conditions.":[158,176,306],"Individuals":[159],"more":[161],"connections":[163],"had":[164],"lower":[165],"concentrations,":[167],"but":[168,285],"effect":[170,315],"evident":[172],"only":[173],"non-disturbance":[175,305],"Measures":[177],"betweenness":[179],"centrality":[180],"levels.":[185],"These":[186],"results":[187],"demonstrate":[188],"that":[189,199,276],"mediate":[192],"disturbance":[197,281],"actions":[201,253],"impose":[203],"uneven":[204],"across":[207,317],"individuals.":[208],"Quantifying":[209],"interactions":[210,231],"between":[211,232],"environment":[217,238,325],"may":[218],"improve":[219,244],"conservation":[220,241],"strategies":[223,242],"species.":[226,249],"Integrating":[227],"guide":[240],"interventions":[246],"Lay":[250],"summary":[251],"Conservation":[252],"reshape":[255],"environments":[257],"animals":[258],"live":[259],"systems":[264],"they":[265],"depend":[266],"on,":[267],"consequences":[269],"well-being":[271],"survival.":[273],"show":[275,295],"elephants,":[279],"human":[280],"increases":[282],"stress,":[284,312],"status":[287],"determines":[288],"who":[289],"most":[291],"affected.":[292],"Lower-ranking":[293],"stronger":[296],"after":[299],"patterns":[302],"reverse":[303],"connectedness":[308],"also":[310],"reduce":[311],"although":[313],"varies":[316],"conditions,":[319],"highlighting":[320],"responses.":[329]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00"}