{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7216228690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.751674","title":"Cell-type-specific encoding of effort-based decision-making in the dorsal raphe nucleus","display_name":"Cell-type-specific encoding of effort-based decision-making in the dorsal raphe nucleus","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7216228690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.751674"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.28.751674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.751674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.751674","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/02/2026.09.28.751674.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/02/2026.09.28.751674.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061279344","display_name":"Laura Chalen\u00e7on","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5863-9777","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5863-9777"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153466","display_name":"Weill Cornell Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02r109517","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4387153466"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laura Chalen\u00e7on","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5863-9777","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057716754","display_name":"Robert N. Fetcho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-4177","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-4177"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153466","display_name":"Weill Cornell Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02r109517","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4387153466"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert N Fetcho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135615492","display_name":"Alexandra Lenz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153466","display_name":"Weill Cornell Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02r109517","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4387153466"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandra Lenz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036731715","display_name":"Joseph M. Stujenske","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5188-717X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5188-717X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153466","display_name":"Weill Cornell Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02r109517","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4387153466"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph M Stujenske","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101935888","display_name":"Matthew A. Wright","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7131-7492","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7131-7492"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew A Wright","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052319154","display_name":"Conor M. Liston","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1639-5401","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1639-5401"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153466","display_name":"Weill Cornell Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02r109517","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4387153466"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Conor Liston","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061279344"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153466"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.9570000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.9570000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.03539999946951866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10077","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effort-based-decision-making","display_name":"effort-based decision making","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dorsal-raphe-nucleus","display_name":"dorsal raphe nucleus","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serotonergic-neurons","display_name":"serotonergic neurons","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gabaergic-neurons","display_name":"GABAergic neurons","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effort-cost","display_name":"effort cost","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reward-magnitude","display_name":"reward magnitude","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motivational-states","display_name":"motivational states","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action-selection","display_name":"action selection","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serotonin","display_name":"serotonin","score":0.4959999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32610206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5298804","display_name":"Dorsal raphe nucleus","level":5,"score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37000724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50430226","display_name":"Serotonergic","level":4,"score":0.8601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779177108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18356742","display_name":"GABAergic","level":3,"score":0.7727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.7382000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127573956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7821376","display_name":"Tonic (physiology)","level":2,"score":0.6074000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552161191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185080","display_name":"Midbrain","level":3,"score":0.567300021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777615928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26261774","display_name":"Raphe","level":5,"score":0.5598999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5443000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777865548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2061493","display_name":"Raphe nuclei","level":5,"score":0.46230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74254510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7240508","display_name":"Premovement neuronal activity","level":2,"score":0.4472000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185263204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154774","display_name":"Electrophysiology","level":2,"score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140530291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1225063","display_name":"Dorsum","level":2,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143661069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670713","display_name":"Reward system","level":2,"score":0.3483999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780723820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1934178","display_name":"Nucleus","level":2,"score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775864247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167934","display_name":"Serotonin","level":3,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778468602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1470452","display_name":"Locus coeruleus","level":3,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8439214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417749","display_name":"Autoreceptor","level":4,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152478114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660910","display_name":"Neurophysiology","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.28.751674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.751674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.751674","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/02/2026.09.28.751674.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.28.751674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.751674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.751674","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/02/2026.09.28.751674.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216228690.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216228690.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7165622362"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2163680698","https://openalex.org/W2306462070","https://openalex.org/W2295231946","https://openalex.org/W7165622362","https://openalex.org/W1831597539","https://openalex.org/W2033831542","https://openalex.org/W1604039963","https://openalex.org/W7100929998","https://openalex.org/W1493862835","https://openalex.org/W2315626803"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Effort-based":[1],"decision-making,":[2],"the":[3,18,73,149,161,181,210,230],"process":[4,166],"of":[5,72,175,188,212,225],"weighing":[6],"reward":[7,25,88,136,146,213,227,245],"benefits":[8],"against":[9],"effort":[10,90,139,150],"costs,":[11],"is":[12,147,155],"essential":[13,156],"for":[14,157,238],"adaptive":[15,158],"behavior.":[16],"Although":[17],"dorsal":[19,182,231],"raphe":[20,183,232],"nucleus":[21,233],"(DRN)":[22],"contributes":[23],"to":[24,36,45,86,124,132,152,191],"processing":[26,211],"and":[27,49,95,101,177,203,206,234,244],"effort-related":[28],"behaviors,":[29],"how":[30,240],"specific":[31],"DRN":[32,47,63],"neuronal":[33,82],"subtypes":[34],"contribute":[35,131],"effort-based":[37,54,192,226],"decision-making":[38,55],"remains":[39],"poorly":[40],"understood.":[41,169],"Using":[42],"fiber":[43],"photometry":[44],"record":[46],"serotonergic":[48,64,100,115],"GABAergic":[50,102,128,178,207],"neurons":[51,179,195,208],"during":[52],"an":[53],"task,":[56],"we":[57,77,171],"found":[58,78],"that":[59,79],"tonic":[60],"fluctuations":[61],"in":[62,113,180,199,209,229],"activity":[65,116,129],"were":[66,196],"selectively":[67,92],"associated":[68],"with":[69],"persistent":[70,121],"selection":[71],"high-value":[74],"option.":[75],"Furthermore,":[76],"while":[80],"neither":[81],"population":[83],"was":[84],"sensitive":[85],"relative":[87],"magnitude,":[89],"expenditure":[91],"enhanced":[93],"decision-":[94],"reward-related":[96],"signals":[97],"carried":[98],"by":[99],"neurons,":[103],"respectively.":[104],"Together,":[105],"these":[106],"findings":[107,219],"support":[108],"a":[109,118,145,185,221,236],"cell":[110,222],"type-specific":[111,223],"model":[112],"which":[114],"provides":[117],"signal":[119],"linking":[120],"motivational":[122,201,241],"states":[123],"effortful":[125],"choice,":[126],"whereas":[127],"may":[130],"evaluating":[133],"or":[134],"updating":[135],"outcomes":[137,214,246],"after":[138],"expenditure.":[140],"SIGNIFICANCE":[141],"STATEMENT":[142],"Choosing":[143],"whether":[144],"worth":[148],"required":[151],"obtain":[153],"it":[154],"behavior,":[159],"yet":[160],"neural":[162],"mechanisms":[163],"underlying":[164],"this":[165],"remain":[167],"incompletely":[168],"Here,":[170],"identify":[172],"distinct":[173],"contributions":[174],"serotonin-":[176],"nucleus,":[184],"major":[186],"source":[187],"brain":[189],"serotonin,":[190],"decision-making.":[193],"Serotonergic":[194],"preferentially":[197],"engaged":[198],"sustained":[200],"state":[202],"action":[204],"selection,":[205],"following":[215],"costly":[216],"actions.":[217],"Our":[218],"reveal":[220],"organization":[224],"seeking":[228],"provide":[235],"framework":[237],"understanding":[239],"states,":[242],"decisions,":[243],"are":[247],"coordinated.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00"}