{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7216160871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.26364387","title":"Environmental predominance on brain structure and connectivity in language-related regions: a multimodal twin study in adolescence","display_name":"Environmental predominance on brain structure and connectivity in language-related regions: a multimodal twin study in adolescence","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7216160871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.26364387"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.30.26364387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.26364387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.26364387","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/02/2026.09.30.26364387.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/02/2026.09.30.26364387.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002124548","display_name":"Emma Tassi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7901-1543","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7901-1543"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803066834","display_name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","ror":"https://ror.org/016zn0y21","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I2803066834","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emma Tassi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7901-1543","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803066834"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103195184","display_name":"Chiara Colli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3247-7714","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3247-7714"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803066834","display_name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","ror":"https://ror.org/016zn0y21","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I2803066834","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiara Colli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803066834"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092715532","display_name":"Aida Peyvandi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5105-9914","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5105-9914"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803066834","display_name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","ror":"https://ror.org/016zn0y21","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I2803066834","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aida Peyvandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803066834"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5155281981","display_name":"Lorenza De Nardi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803066834","display_name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","ror":"https://ror.org/016zn0y21","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I2803066834","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenza De Nardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy","Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803066834"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125173690","display_name":"Camilla Pansitta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803066834","display_name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","ror":"https://ror.org/016zn0y21","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I2803066834","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Camilla Pansitta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803066834"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115760276","display_name":"Silvia Busilacchi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803066834","display_name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","ror":"https://ror.org/016zn0y21","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I2803066834","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvia Busilacchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803066834"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066358263","display_name":"Francesca Marzia Siri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803066834","display_name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","ror":"https://ror.org/016zn0y21","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I2803066834","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesca Marzia Siri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803066834"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040681821","display_name":"Giuseppe Delvecchio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4750-1980","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4750-1980"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Delvecchio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031787223","display_name":"Eleonora Maggioni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4331-4029","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4331-4029"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803066834","display_name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","ror":"https://ror.org/016zn0y21","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I2803066834","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119056","display_name":"Fondazione Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01rnvev51","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119056"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eleonora Maggioni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119056","https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803066834"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043835253","display_name":"Carolina Bonivento","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3354-7494","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3354-7494"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152066","display_name":"IRCCS Eugenio Medea","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynr3m75","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152066","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carolina Bonivento","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polo FVG, Scientific Institute IRCCS \u2018Eugenio Medea\u2019, Pasian di Prato, Udine, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polo FVG, Scientific Institute IRCCS \u2018Eugenio Medea\u2019, Pasian di Prato, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152066"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088345979","display_name":"Maddalena Mauri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7507-4675","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7507-4675","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4881-8031"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152066","display_name":"IRCCS Eugenio Medea","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynr3m75","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152066","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maddalena Mauri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152066"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060274520","display_name":"Corrado Fagnani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5771-7772","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5771-7772"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27897274","display_name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","ror":"https://ror.org/02hssy432","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27897274"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Corrado Fagnani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27897274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006117668","display_name":"Emanuela Medda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4837-4549","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4837-4549"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27897274","display_name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","ror":"https://ror.org/02hssy432","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27897274"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emanuela Medda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4837-4549","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27897274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001821773","display_name":"Maria Nobile","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9917-4275","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9917-4275"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152066","display_name":"IRCCS Eugenio Medea","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynr3m75","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152066","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Nobile","raw_affiliation_strings":["Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9917-4275","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152066"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064520148","display_name":"Paolo Brambilla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4021-8456","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4021-8456","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6809-1178"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803066834","display_name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","ror":"https://ror.org/016zn0y21","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I2803066834","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Brambilla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy","Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4021-8456","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803066834"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002124548"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803066834"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.19859999418258667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.19859999418258667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10023","display_name":"Schizophrenia research and treatment","score":0.16930000483989716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.1315000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heritability","display_name":"heritability","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-influences","display_name":"environmental influences","score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-and-environmental-factors","display_name":"genetic and environmental factors","score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grey-matter-volume","display_name":"gray matter volume","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cortical-thickness","display_name":"cortical thickness","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effective-connectivity","display_name":"effective connectivity","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychopathological-risk","display_name":"psychopathological risk","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zygosity","display_name":"zygosity","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative-fluency","display_name":"narrative fluency","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality-traits","display_name":"personality traits","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adolescent-mental-disorders","display_name":"adolescent mental disorders","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonshared-environment","display_name":"nonshared environment","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-network","display_name":"language network","score":0.39899998903274536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123273963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624758","display_name":"Psychopathology","level":2,"score":0.8503000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169594400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244775","display_name":"Twin study","level":3,"score":0.7807999849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.6729000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017743773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159979","display_name":"Monozygotic twin","level":2,"score":0.6252999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5947999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.5738999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5103999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14216870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3872","display_name":"Neuropsychology","level":3,"score":0.5013999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020537875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159979","display_name":"Identical twins","level":2,"score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018011982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316120","display_name":"Functional connectivity","level":2,"score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67636389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q784237","display_name":"Genetic predisposition","level":3,"score":0.38940000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120843803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955807","display_name":"Brain activity and meditation","level":3,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65835030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030681","display_name":"Brain size","level":3,"score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199163554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1681619","display_name":"Univariate","level":3,"score":0.35670000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3483999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52338299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1004354","display_name":"Functional neuroimaging","level":3,"score":0.3361000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129564537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460873","display_name":"Neural correlates of consciousness","level":3,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18680","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","level":3,"score":0.3028999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50231774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639842","display_name":"Brain mapping","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993967602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532932","display_name":"Genetic variants","level":4,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777413886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276013","display_name":"Fluency","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779632907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13444883","display_name":"Brain Structure and Function","level":3,"score":0.25760000944137573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.30.26364387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.26364387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.26364387","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/02/2026.09.30.26364387.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.30.26364387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.26364387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.26364387","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/02/2026.09.30.26364387.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2798512728","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C43C22001630001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321781","funder_display_name":"Ministero della Salute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6114284297","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SG-2021-12375585","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321781","funder_display_name":"Ministero della Salute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6984204255","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C43C22001630001 / MI-0117","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321781","funder_display_name":"Ministero della Salute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313475","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317295","display_name":"Dipartimenti di Eccellenza","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321781","display_name":"Ministero della Salute","ror":"https://ror.org/00789fa95"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216160871.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216160871.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W200959462","https://openalex.org/W239755604","https://openalex.org/W1533114839","https://openalex.org/W1541472419","https://openalex.org/W1966485889","https://openalex.org/W1966794963","https://openalex.org/W1975650729","https://openalex.org/W1977328542","https://openalex.org/W1978476646","https://openalex.org/W1990134753","https://openalex.org/W2001696757","https://openalex.org/W2003759197","https://openalex.org/W2008088150","https://openalex.org/W2012731551","https://openalex.org/W2017090646","https://openalex.org/W2032147029","https://openalex.org/W2049980174","https://openalex.org/W2052820737","https://openalex.org/W2064243151","https://openalex.org/W2069952361","https://openalex.org/W2071884296","https://openalex.org/W2076503042","https://openalex.org/W2079949726","https://openalex.org/W2086228915","https://openalex.org/W2088815980","https://openalex.org/W2101135654","https://openalex.org/W2106770178","https://openalex.org/W2109875016","https://openalex.org/W2117188449","https://openalex.org/W2125003685","https://openalex.org/W2136562407","https://openalex.org/W2142817174","https://openalex.org/W2145754751","https://openalex.org/W2146738944","https://openalex.org/W2160172610","https://openalex.org/W2303327950","https://openalex.org/W2531266992","https://openalex.org/W2603767365","https://openalex.org/W2725078927","https://openalex.org/W2741242481","https://openalex.org/W2752240438","https://openalex.org/W2799352280","https://openalex.org/W2802065111","https://openalex.org/W2803842773","https://openalex.org/W2977104671","https://openalex.org/W3083971359","https://openalex.org/W3157676819","https://openalex.org/W4220740581","https://openalex.org/W4290950996","https://openalex.org/W4292847057","https://openalex.org/W4306160473","https://openalex.org/W4308795898","https://openalex.org/W4323667737","https://openalex.org/W4387116062","https://openalex.org/W4399555346","https://openalex.org/W4400292442","https://openalex.org/W4400335435","https://openalex.org/W4400338933","https://openalex.org/W4400387818","https://openalex.org/W4400743125","https://openalex.org/W4401293111","https://openalex.org/W4401338748","https://openalex.org/W4405641447","https://openalex.org/W4407140627","https://openalex.org/W4410004359","https://openalex.org/W4412521607","https://openalex.org/W7138862693"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2531266992","https://openalex.org/W1975650729","https://openalex.org/W2396647236","https://openalex.org/W1523926687","https://openalex.org/W6907454665","https://openalex.org/W2121908573","https://openalex.org/W2049186166","https://openalex.org/W7172017610","https://openalex.org/W1497821832","https://openalex.org/W1795461234"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Language":[1],"alterations":[2,165],"are":[3],"recognized":[4],"as":[5],"early":[6],"markers":[7],"of":[8],"psychopathological":[9,45,101,111],"vulnerability,":[10],"yet":[11],"genetic":[12,87,140,189],"and":[13,27,40,56,74,88,113,115,127,135,147,163,169],"environmental":[14,89,186,192],"factors":[15,131],"underlying":[16],"language-related":[17,68],"brain":[18,117,137],"regions":[19],"remain":[20],"unknown.":[21],"We":[22],"applied":[23],"univariate":[24],"twin":[25,36,79],"analyses":[26],"risk-discordant":[28],"comparisons":[29],"to":[30,194],"multimodal":[31],"dataset":[32],"from":[33,185],"31":[34],"healthy":[35,78,128],"pairs":[37,42,80,98],"(9\u201331":[38],"years)":[39],"17":[41,97],"discordant":[43,99],"for":[44,93,100,108],"risk":[46,170],"(10\u201327":[47],"years).":[48],"Gray":[49],"matter":[50],"volume":[51],"(GMV),":[52],"cortical":[53],"thickness":[54],"(CT),":[55],"functional":[57,136],"interactions,":[58],"specifically":[59],"effective":[60],"connectivity":[61],"(EC),":[62],"were":[63,91,106,119,142],"assessed":[64],"in":[65,133,181],"eight":[66],"bilateral":[67],"regions,":[69],"alongside":[70],"linguistic,":[71],"emotional-behavioural,":[72],"temperamental,":[73],"personality-related":[75],"phenotypes.":[76,95],"In":[77,96],"(27\u201331":[81],"pairs,":[82],"depending":[83],"on":[84,155],"data":[85],"completeness),":[86],"determinants":[90],"estimated":[92],"all":[94],"risk,":[102],"intra-pair":[103],"neuroimaging":[104],"differences":[105],"tested":[107],"association":[109],"with":[110],"discordance":[112],"zygosity,":[114],"individual":[116],"measures":[118],"compared":[120],"across":[121],"high-risk":[122],"twins,":[123],"their":[124],"low-risk":[125],"co-twins,":[126],"controls.":[129],"Environmental":[130],"predominated":[132],"structural":[134],"variability,":[138],"while":[139],"contributions":[141],"limited,":[143],"region-specific.":[144],"Narrative":[145],"fluency":[146],"psychological":[148],"traits":[149],"showed":[150],"stronger":[151],"heritability.":[152],"Findings":[153],"converged":[154],"the":[156,173],"right":[157],"middle":[158],"frontal":[159],"gyrus,":[160],"where":[161],"GMV":[162],"CT":[164],"reflected":[166],"non-shared":[167],"environment":[168],"expression.":[171],"Despite":[172],"small":[174],"sample,":[175],"preliminary":[176],"results":[177],"suggest":[178],"neurobiological":[179],"vulnerability":[180],"language":[182],"networks":[183],"arises":[184],"rather":[187],"than":[188],"factors,":[190],"informing":[191],"susceptibility":[193],"adolescent":[195],"mental":[196],"illness.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00"}
