{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7216118685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1462","title":"Effect of Microcurrent Stimulation on Cartilage Regeneration in Engineered Chondrocyte Spheroids","display_name":"Effect of Microcurrent Stimulation on Cartilage Regeneration in Engineered Chondrocyte Spheroids","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7216118685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1462","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42898673","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13678085"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.34133/research.1462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1462","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1462","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210218516","display_name":"Research","issn_l":"2639-5274","issn":["2639-5274"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1462","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5151060918","display_name":"Yong Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127126","display_name":"Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/033nbnf69","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127126"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, \rTongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, \rTongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780","https://openalex.org/I4210127126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123991017","display_name":"Siqiang Zheng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127126","display_name":"Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/033nbnf69","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127126"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siqiang Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, \rTongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, \rTongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780","https://openalex.org/I4210127126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5155226633","display_name":"Qiangsheng Hu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127126","display_name":"Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/033nbnf69","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127126"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiangsheng Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, \rTongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, \rTongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780","https://openalex.org/I4210127126"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100949021","display_name":"Bo Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8569-2953","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8569-2953"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127126","display_name":"Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/033nbnf69","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127126"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bo Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, \rTongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8569-2953","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, \rTongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780","https://openalex.org/I4210127126"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100949021","https://openalex.org/A5155226633"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780","https://openalex.org/I4210127126"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74243104,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1462","last_page":"1462"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10105","display_name":"Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms","score":0.8705999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10105","display_name":"Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms","score":0.8705999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12264","display_name":"Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine","score":0.08250000327825546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10176","display_name":"Mesenchymal stem cell research","score":0.008700000122189522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcurrent-stimulation","display_name":"microcurrent stimulation","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartilage-regeneration","display_name":"cartilage regeneration","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/auricular-chondrocytes","display_name":"auricular chondrocytes","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioelectric-stimulation","display_name":"bioelectric stimulation","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium-signaling","display_name":"calcium signaling","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcineurin-nfat-pathway","display_name":"calcineurin-NFAT pathway","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chondrogenic-differentiation","display_name":"chondrogenic differentiation","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extracellular-matrix-deposition","display_name":"extracellular matrix deposition","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartilage-catabolism","display_name":"cartilage catabolism","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nfat-nuclear-translocation","display_name":"NFAT nuclear translocation","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dose-dependent-effects","display_name":"dose-dependent effects","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartilage-implantation","display_name":"cartilage implantation","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartilage-tissue-engineering","display_name":"cartilage tissue engineering","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verapamil","display_name":"verapamil","score":0.47600001096725464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.7034000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171056886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193119","display_name":"Regeneration (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6827999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781403057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775480","display_name":"Chondrocyte","level":3,"score":0.6352999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780550940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502730","display_name":"Cartilage","level":2,"score":0.5684000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.5443999767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.4284000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175369904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208395","display_name":"Spheroid","level":3,"score":0.41119998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49892992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540285","display_name":"Tissue engineering","level":2,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35496256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5104524","display_name":"Chondrogenesis","level":3,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28328180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48196","display_name":"Stem cell","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.34133/research.1462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1462","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1462","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210218516","display_name":"Research","issn_l":"2639-5274","issn":["2639-5274"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42898673","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42898673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research (Washington, D.C.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13678085","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13678085/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research (Wash D C)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ee93cfa003474f0daf06bfc54ec80af4","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ee93cfa003474f0daf06bfc54ec80af4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research, Vol 9 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.34133/research.1462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1462","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1462","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210218516","display_name":"Research","issn_l":"2639-5274","issn":["2639-5274"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1921440755","https://openalex.org/W2060604173","https://openalex.org/W2092558582","https://openalex.org/W4224920493","https://openalex.org/W4304687342","https://openalex.org/W4363673947","https://openalex.org/W4388558802","https://openalex.org/W4389792573","https://openalex.org/W4390628141","https://openalex.org/W4392649713","https://openalex.org/W4394765981","https://openalex.org/W4394875532","https://openalex.org/W4396860202","https://openalex.org/W4397012124","https://openalex.org/W4397016830","https://openalex.org/W4398180634","https://openalex.org/W4399355388","https://openalex.org/W4401462001","https://openalex.org/W4402737882","https://openalex.org/W4405899798","https://openalex.org/W4407580424","https://openalex.org/W4408663412","https://openalex.org/W4409498222","https://openalex.org/W4409983429","https://openalex.org/W4411412279","https://openalex.org/W4411918988","https://openalex.org/W4412185071","https://openalex.org/W4413290000","https://openalex.org/W4414804113","https://openalex.org/W4415133206","https://openalex.org/W4415156004","https://openalex.org/W4415552811","https://openalex.org/W7125825822","https://openalex.org/W7131800854","https://openalex.org/W7135150494","https://openalex.org/W7160714775"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7213627994","https://openalex.org/W1969038368","https://openalex.org/W7204445711","https://openalex.org/W1565016661","https://openalex.org/W1931688010","https://openalex.org/W1983881009","https://openalex.org/W4394875532","https://openalex.org/W2041082316","https://openalex.org/W917631440","https://openalex.org/W6982430295"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Microcurrent":[0],"stimulation":[1,32,48,57,94,110,167,268],"has":[2],"emerged":[3],"as":[4,264],"a":[5,116,265,277],"promising":[6],"biophysical":[7],"cue":[8],"for":[9,49,280],"cartilage":[10,19,38,129,282,286],"regeneration,":[11],"but":[12],"its":[13],"dose-dependent":[14],"effects":[15,27,97],"in":[16,115,285],"3-dimensional":[17,147],"engineered":[18,37],"constructs":[20],"remain":[21],"unclear.":[22],"Here,":[23],"we":[24],"investigated":[25],"the":[26,62,152,241,244,271],"of":[28,201,243],"continuous":[29],"direct":[30],"microcurrent":[31,56,109],"on":[33,98],"auricular":[34],"chondrocytes":[35],"and":[36,46,84,128,139,162,171,197,216,233,275],"spheroids":[39,251],"using":[40],"0-,":[41],"10-,":[42],"25-,":[43],"50-,":[44],"100-,":[45],"200-\u03bcA":[47],"30":[50],"min":[51],"daily.":[52],"In":[53,146],"2-dimensional":[54],"culture,":[55],"did":[58,73],"not":[59,74],"markedly":[60,75],"increase":[61],"DNA":[63],"content":[64],"or":[65,79,186],"Cell":[66],"Counting":[67],"Kit-8":[68],"value,":[69],"indicating":[70],"that":[71,88],"it":[72],"promote":[76],"cell":[77],"expansion":[78],"overall":[80],"metabolic":[81],"activity.":[82,107],"5-Ethynyl-2\u2032-deoxyuridine":[83],"Ki67":[85],"assays":[86],"showed":[87,252],"low":[89],"to":[90,102,136,143],"moderate":[91],"(<50":[92],"\u03bcA)":[93],"had":[95],"limited":[96],"proliferation,":[99],"whereas":[100,208],"100":[101],"200":[103,144,209],"\u03bcA":[104,138,150,191,210,263],"attenuated":[105,236],"proliferative":[106],"Nevertheless,":[108],"enhanced":[111],"chondrogenic":[112],"marker":[113],"expression":[114],"biphasic":[117],"manner,":[118],"with":[119],"type":[120],"II":[121],"collagen,":[122],"SRY-box":[123],"transcription":[124],"factor":[125,200],"9,":[126],"aggrecan,":[127],"oligomeric":[130],"matrix":[131,158],"protein":[132],"increasing":[133],"from":[134,141],"0":[135],"50":[137,142,149,190,262],"declining":[140],"\u03bcA.":[145],"spheroids,":[148],"produced":[151],"most":[153],"favorable":[154,266],"morphology,":[155],"cartilage-specific":[156],"extracellular":[157],"deposition,":[159],"mechanical":[160],"properties,":[161],"hyaline":[163],"cartilage-like":[164],"phenotype.":[165],"Excessive":[166],"increased":[168],"catabolic,":[169],"inflammatory,":[170],"apoptosis-associated":[172],"molecular":[173],"responses":[174,215],"without":[175],"causing":[176],"obvious":[177],"cytotoxicity,":[178],"apoptosis,":[179],"reactive":[180],"oxygen":[181],"species":[182],"production,":[183],"temperature":[184],"change,":[185],"pH":[187],"alteration.":[188],"Mechanistically,":[189],"induced":[192],"coordinated":[193],"Ca":[194,213,245],"2+":[195,214,246],"signaling":[196],"promoted":[198],"nuclear":[199,206],"activated":[202],"T":[203],"cells":[204],"(NFAT)":[205],"translocation,":[207],"generated":[211],"dysregulated":[212],"inefficient":[217],"NFAT":[218,238],"activation.":[219],"Verapamil,":[220],"1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-":[221],"N":[222,224,226,228],",":[223,225],"\u2032,":[227],"\u2032-tetraacetic":[229],"acid":[230],"acetoxymethyl":[231],"ester,":[232],"cyclosporin":[234],"A":[235],"50-\u03bcA-induced":[237],"activation,":[239],"supporting":[240],"involvement":[242],"/calcineurin/NFAT":[247],"pathway.":[248],"Furthermore,":[249],"50-\u03bcA-preconditioned":[250],"superior":[253],"cartilage-forming":[254],"capacity":[255],"after":[256],"subcutaneous":[257],"implantation.":[258],"These":[259],"findings":[260],"identify":[261],"bioelectrical":[267],"condition":[269],"within":[270],"tested":[272],"intensity":[273],"range":[274],"provide":[276],"practical":[278],"strategy":[279],"enhancing":[281],"spheroid":[283],"maturation":[284],"tissue":[287],"engineering.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00"}