{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7216077787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.01214","title":"25 Years of Mrk 421 with XMM-Newton: Unveiling Structured Jets and Energy-Dependent Escape","display_name":"25 Years of Mrk 421 with XMM-Newton: Unveiling Structured Jets and Energy-Dependent Escape","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7216077787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.01214"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.01214","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.01214","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.01214","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.01214","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076161510","display_name":"T. P. Adhikari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4586-0744","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4586-0744"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adhikari, Tek P.","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073527524","display_name":"Gopal Bhatta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0705-6619","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0705-6619"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46305939","display_name":"University of Zielona G\u00f3ra","ror":"https://ror.org/04fzm7v55","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305939"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhatta, Gopal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Janusz Gil Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Janusz Gil Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305939"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120024361","display_name":"Sangeetha Kizhakkekalam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4001-2012","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4001-2012"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46305939","display_name":"University of Zielona G\u00f3ra","ror":"https://ror.org/04fzm7v55","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305939"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kizhakkekalam, Sangeetha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Janusz Gil Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland","Doctoral School of Exact and Technical Sciences, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Janusz Gil Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305939"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doctoral School of Exact and Technical Sciences, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305939"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5156025697","display_name":"Navaneeth P K","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46305939","display_name":"University of Zielona G\u00f3ra","ror":"https://ror.org/04fzm7v55","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305939"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K, Navaneeth P","raw_affiliation_strings":["Janusz Gil Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland","Doctoral School of Exact and Technical Sciences, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Janusz Gil Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305939"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doctoral School of Exact and Technical Sciences, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305939"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011560964","display_name":"A Markowitz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138771","display_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/040r57n67","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138771","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markowitz, Alex","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138771","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5154795482","display_name":"Zhicheng He","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He, Zhicheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124899852","display_name":"Santanu Mondal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0793-6066","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0793-6066"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48018076","display_name":"Christ University","ror":"https://ror.org/022tv9y30","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48018076"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mondal, Santanu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Electronics, Christ University, Bangalore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Electronics, Christ University, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48018076"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10744","display_name":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","score":0.014399999752640724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11323","display_name":"Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mrk-421","display_name":"Mrk 421","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tev-blazars","display_name":"TeV blazars","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/x-ray-spectral-variability","display_name":"X-ray spectral variability","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/x-ray-timing","display_name":"X-ray timing","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broken-power-law","display_name":"broken power law","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchrotron-radiation","display_name":"synchrotron radiation","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-turbulence","display_name":"stochastic turbulence","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xmm-newton","display_name":"XMM-Newton","score":0.6420000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8525000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100752510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221221","display_name":"Blazar","level":3,"score":0.823199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.7458999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68709404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.7324000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776845940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3113127","display_name":"Spectral slope","level":3,"score":0.6801999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152822103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575207","display_name":"Spectral shape analysis","level":3,"score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119947313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5596635","display_name":"Jet (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.54339998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75183268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140491","display_name":"Particle acceleration","level":3,"score":0.4641000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983668108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280453","display_name":"Spectral analysis","level":3,"score":0.4196999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4839761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212111","display_name":"Spectral line","level":2,"score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168110828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626","display_name":"Spectral density","level":2,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55519028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5377054","display_name":"Energy flux","level":2,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42061751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2280060","display_name":"Spectral index","level":3,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985906921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Spectral properties","level":2,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43481613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46587","display_name":"Active galactic nucleus","level":3,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50425793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575187","display_name":"Spectral energy distribution","level":3,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111717503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195385","display_name":"BL Lac object","level":4,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135041427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83373","display_name":"Quasar","level":3,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114700698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2882278","display_name":"Spectral bands","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.01214","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.01214","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.01214","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.01214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.01214","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.01214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.01214","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.01214","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.01214","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2324594784","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12192221","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2904597559","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12\u2009192\u2009220","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7548217378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12222304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216077787.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216077787.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4410279448","https://openalex.org/W7167576406","https://openalex.org/W3099981672","https://openalex.org/W2951362735","https://openalex.org/W7095733566","https://openalex.org/W3106267549","https://openalex.org/W2952499449","https://openalex.org/W2120289895","https://openalex.org/W7098714445","https://openalex.org/W2019225373"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,17,116,138,158,165,181],"long-term":[3,238],"X-ray":[4],"spectral":[5,53,95,190,208],"and":[6,27,42,52,130,162,172,185],"timing":[7],"analysis":[8,144],"of":[9,20,63,140,193,240],"the":[10,36,49,83,94,100,110,176,206,211,237],"TeV":[11],"blazar":[12],"Mrk~421":[13,55],"based":[14],"on":[15,236],"nearly":[16],"quarter":[18],"century":[19],"archival":[21],"\\textit{XMM-Newton}/pn":[22],"observations":[23],"obtained":[24,34],"between":[25,170,180],"2000":[26],"2025.":[28],"Our":[29,223],"sample":[30],"comprises":[31],"76":[32],"epochs":[33,153],"with":[35,65,70,107,115,137,218],"pn":[37],"instrument":[38],"in":[39,82,99,109,243],"both":[40],"IMAGING":[41],"TIMING":[43],"modes,":[44],"allowing":[45],"us":[46],"to":[47],"trace":[48],"source's":[50],"variability":[51,98,121],"evolution.":[54],"exhibits":[56],"flux":[57,88,126,135,203],"variations":[58],"by":[59,80,133,157,164],"approximately":[60],"an":[61],"order":[62],"magnitude,":[64],"prominent":[66],"flaring":[67],"periods":[68],"interspersed":[69],"low-activity":[71],"states.":[72],"A":[73],"clear":[74],"harder-when-brighter":[75],"trend":[76],"is":[77,128,149,213],"observed,":[78],"accompanied":[79],"scatter":[81],"hardness":[84],"ratio":[85],"(HR),":[86],"suggesting":[87],"alone":[89],"does":[90],"not":[91,150],"uniquely":[92],"determine":[93],"state.":[96],"Fractional":[97],"hard":[101],"band":[102,112],"($2-10$":[103],"keV)":[104],"correlates":[105],"tightly":[106],"that":[108,146],"soft":[111],"($0.3-2$":[113],"keV),":[114],"steeper":[117],"slope":[118],"indicating":[119],"pronounced":[120],"at":[122],"higher":[123],"energies.":[124],"The":[125,189],"distribution":[127],"non-Gaussian":[129],"lognormal-like,":[131],"dominated":[132],"moderate":[134],"levels":[136],"tail":[139],"bright":[141],"flares.":[142],"Spectral":[143],"shows":[145],"power-law":[147,160],"model":[148],"sufficient;":[151],"59":[152],"are":[154],"best":[155],"described":[156],"broken":[159],"(BPL)":[161],"17":[163],"log-parabola":[166],"(LP).":[167],"This":[168],"fluctuation":[169],"BPL":[171,194],"LP":[173],"models":[174],"suggests":[175],"emission":[177],"region":[178],"transitions":[179],"distinct":[182],"acceleration":[183],"shockfront":[184],"downstream":[186],"stochastic":[187],"turbulence.":[188],"break":[191,212],"energy":[192],"remains":[195],"predominantly":[196],"clustered":[197],"around":[198],"$2$":[199],"keV":[200],"across":[201],"all":[202],"states,":[204],"while":[205],"average":[207],"steepening":[209],"above":[210],"mild":[214],"($\u0394\u0393\\approx":[215],"0.19$),":[216],"inconsistent":[217],"standard":[219],"one-zone":[220],"cooling":[221],"models.":[222],"results":[224],"support":[225],"structured":[226],"jet":[227],"scenarios":[228],"or":[229],"energy-dependent":[230],"electron":[231],"escape,":[232],"providing":[233],"key":[234],"constraints":[235],"behavior":[239],"relativistic":[241],"jets":[242],"high-synchrotron-peaked":[244],"blazars.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00"}
