{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7216072693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-73751-w","title":"Discovery and promotion of unknown sounds into operational detection targets for underwater passive acoustic monitoring under false alarm constraints","display_name":"Discovery and promotion of unknown sounds into operational detection targets for underwater passive acoustic monitoring under false alarm constraints","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7216072693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-73751-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-73751-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-73751-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-73751-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73751-w_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73751-w_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041913889","display_name":"Takuji Noda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3900-7640","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3900-7640"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405264261","display_name":"Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e2rf355","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242","https://openalex.org/I4405264261"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Takuji Noda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","Logverse Division, Biologging Solutions Inc., Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242","https://openalex.org/I4405264261"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Logverse Division, Biologging Solutions Inc., Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103215343","display_name":"Takuya Koizumi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3039-3733","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3039-3733"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takuya Koizumi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Logverse Division, Biologging Solutions Inc., Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Logverse Division, Biologging Solutions Inc., Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041913889"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242","https://openalex.org/I4405264261"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67952043,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.5824999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.5824999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.36719998717308044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.03519999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm-constraint","display_name":"false alarm constraint","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/out-of-distribution-detection","display_name":"out-of-distribution detection","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ocean-acoustics","display_name":"ocean acoustics","score":0.546999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.7871999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7242000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.5795999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.5584999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.4681999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.43709999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34951282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864191","display_name":"Bioacoustics","level":2,"score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3646000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205312793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16002801","display_name":"Ambient noise level","level":3,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67467970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292425","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","level":3,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779119184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294350","display_name":"ALARM","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100675267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1371624","display_name":"Background noise","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778263558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46384","display_name":"Microphone","level":3,"score":0.2551000118255615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-73751-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-73751-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-73751-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73751-w_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8570649/v2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8570649/v2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8570649/v2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-73751-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-73751-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-73751-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73751-w_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000849431","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"070039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323648","funder_display_name":"Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323648","display_name":"Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan","ror":"https://ror.org/03rybxa06"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216072693.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216072693.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W264678455","https://openalex.org/W2006834098","https://openalex.org/W2014747558","https://openalex.org/W2018547079","https://openalex.org/W2054585582","https://openalex.org/W2062125287","https://openalex.org/W2089908537","https://openalex.org/W2119880843","https://openalex.org/W2141434854","https://openalex.org/W2164527661","https://openalex.org/W2494671922","https://openalex.org/W2601243251","https://openalex.org/W2715291721","https://openalex.org/W2786672974","https://openalex.org/W2999187172","https://openalex.org/W3017961061","https://openalex.org/W3037932933","https://openalex.org/W3044151830","https://openalex.org/W3080467569","https://openalex.org/W3128638349","https://openalex.org/W3137546091","https://openalex.org/W3178592608","https://openalex.org/W3217216838","https://openalex.org/W4200013730","https://openalex.org/W4207006501","https://openalex.org/W4223450660","https://openalex.org/W4226051760","https://openalex.org/W4282978184","https://openalex.org/W4297808394","https://openalex.org/W4312048190","https://openalex.org/W4385741800","https://openalex.org/W4390060493","https://openalex.org/W4392877253","https://openalex.org/W4395456766","https://openalex.org/W4399756148","https://openalex.org/W4404402977","https://openalex.org/W6887477331","https://openalex.org/W6908550208","https://openalex.org/W6929397314","https://openalex.org/W6964933993","https://openalex.org/W7123737599","https://openalex.org/W7124681718"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7163024611","https://openalex.org/W4395456766","https://openalex.org/W2587355900","https://openalex.org/W7116903477","https://openalex.org/W4403059074","https://openalex.org/W2000270242","https://openalex.org/W4415218753","https://openalex.org/W4319986031","https://openalex.org/W7220947756","https://openalex.org/W4404634400"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Earth\u2019s":[1],"oceans":[2],"cover":[3],"70%":[4],"of":[5,132,162,168],"the":[6,11,125,169,179],"planet":[7],"yet":[8],"remain":[9,32],"among":[10],"least":[12],"observed":[13],"regions.":[14],"Underwater":[15],"acoustics":[16],"is":[17],"a":[18,47,67,112,128],"primary":[19],"sensing":[20,43],"modality,":[21],"but":[22],"recordings":[23,146],"span":[24],"biological,":[25],"anthropogenic":[26],"and":[27,60,104,108,120,172,186],"natural":[28],"sounds":[29],"while":[30],"labels":[31,100],"sparse.":[33],"We":[34],"present":[35],"an":[36,56],"unknownness-aware":[37],"monitoring":[38],"framework":[39,126],"for":[40],"underwater":[41,53,114],"acoustic":[42],"platforms:":[44],"it":[45,62],"adapts":[46],"pre-trained":[48],"audio":[49],"representation":[50],"model":[51],"to":[52,150],"soundscapes,":[54],"defines":[55],"embedding-space":[57],"unknownness":[58],"score,":[59],"couples":[61],"with":[63,156,178],"detector":[64],"outputs":[65],"in":[66,90],"Detect\u2013Group\u2013Promote\u2013Union":[68],"(DGPU)":[69],"loop":[70],"tuned":[71],"under":[72],"false":[73],"positives":[74],"per":[75],"hour":[76],"(FP/h)":[77],"constraints:":[78],"Detect":[79],"surfaces":[80],"candidate":[81],"events":[82,159],"from":[83,97,148],"continuous":[84,145],"audio;":[85],"Group":[86],"clusters":[87],"unknown":[88],"candidates":[89],"embedding":[91],"space;":[92],"Promote":[93],"trains":[94],"lightweight":[95],"classifiers":[96],"sparse":[98],"expert":[99],"on":[101,134,144],"selected":[102],"clusters;":[103],"Union":[105],"combines":[106],"baseline":[107],"promoted":[109],"detectors.":[110],"Across":[111],"56-class":[113],"Sound":[115],"Event":[116],"Detection":[117],"(SED)":[118],"benchmark":[119],"two":[121],"cetacean":[122,176],"field":[123],"datasets,":[124],"attains":[127],"bandwidth-matched":[129],"out-of-distribution":[130],"AUROC":[131],"1.000":[133],"Hawaiian":[135],"survey":[136],"data":[137],"(HICEAS),":[138],"raises":[139],"right-whale":[140],"upcall":[141],"detection":[142],"recall":[143],"(FRDR)":[147],"0.074":[149],"0.434":[151],"at":[152],"FP/h":[153],"=":[154],"10,":[155],"300":[157],"labelled":[158],"(~":[160],"25%":[161],"full":[163],"labels)":[164],"reaching":[165],"0.41":[166],"(94%":[167],"full-label":[170],"recall),":[171],"classifies":[173],"seven":[174],"HICEAS":[175],"species":[177],"Promoter":[180],"classifier":[181],"alone":[182],"(AUC":[183],"0.943\u20130.993":[184],"within-day":[185],"0.61\u20130.97":[187],"cross-day":[188],"after":[189],"per-species":[190],"calibration":[191],"adjustments),":[192],"supporting":[193],"stethoscope-like":[194],"ocean":[195],"monitoring.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00"}
