{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7216004883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.26.754643","title":"How Much Does Electrode Density Matter? A Multilevel Evaluation from EEG Signals to Cortical Networks","display_name":"How Much Does Electrode Density Matter? A Multilevel Evaluation from EEG Signals to Cortical Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7216004883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.26.754643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.26.754643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.26.754643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.26.754643","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/01/2026.09.26.754643.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/01/2026.09.26.754643.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5155240825","display_name":"Aya Kabbara","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56306041","display_name":"Lebanese American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hqkan37","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I911468752","display_name":"Lebanese International University","ror":"https://ror.org/034agrd14","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I911468752"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aya Kabbara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Lebanese International University, Tripoli, Lebanon","Graduate Studies and Research, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Lebanese International University, Tripoli, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I911468752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Studies and Research, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031504150","display_name":"Marc V\u00e9rin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2373-7836","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2373-7836"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12449238","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 d'Orl\u00e9ans","ror":"https://ror.org/014zrew76","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12449238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144652","display_name":"Centre hospitalier universitaire d'Orl\u00e9ans","ror":"https://ror.org/04yvax419","country_code":"FR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144652"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405264567","display_name":"Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire pour l\u2019Innovation et la Recherche en Sant\u00e9 d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans","ror":"https://ror.org/02a81kn59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12449238","https://openalex.org/I4405264567"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc V\u00e9rin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brain-Clinical and Experimental Neuroplasticity (B-CLINE), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire pour l\u2019Innovation et la Recherche en Sant\u00e9 d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans (LI2RSO), Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, Orl\u00e9ans, France","Neurology Department, CHU d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, Orl\u00e9ans, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brain-Clinical and Experimental Neuroplasticity (B-CLINE), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire pour l\u2019Innovation et la Recherche en Sant\u00e9 d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans (LI2RSO), Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, Orl\u00e9ans, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12449238","https://openalex.org/I4405264567"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurology Department, CHU d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, Orl\u00e9ans, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144652"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088812873","display_name":"Mahmoud Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-5086","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-5086"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123185442","display_name":"Reykjav\u00edk University","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2kyx68","country_code":"IS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123185442"]}],"countries":["IS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland","MINDIG, Rennes, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-5086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123185442"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MINDIG, Rennes, France","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5155240825"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041","https://openalex.org/I911468752"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.016300000250339508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.012900000438094139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resting-state-eeg","display_name":"resting-state EEG","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eeg-microstates","display_name":"EEG microstates","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effective-connectivity","display_name":"effective connectivity","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traveling-waves","display_name":"traveling waves","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-localization","display_name":"source localization","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-power","display_name":"spectral power","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"signal-to-noise ratio","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-and-adults","display_name":"children and adults","score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-level-evaluation","display_name":"multi-level evaluation","score":0.5870000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.8116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5961999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.4530999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168110828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626","display_name":"Spectral density","level":2,"score":0.444599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3905999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3898000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98254291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7611238","display_name":"Stereoelectroencephalography","level":4,"score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169345407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8216221","display_name":"Uncorrelated","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53811970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062194","display_name":"Centrality","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19743564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25378119","display_name":"Flicker","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185263204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154774","display_name":"Electrophysiology","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45424060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244381","display_name":"Ministate","level":3,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.26.754643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.26.754643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.26.754643","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/01/2026.09.26.754643.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.26.754643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.26.754643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.26.754643","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/01/2026.09.26.754643.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216004883.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7216004883.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1680137270","https://openalex.org/W1963671300","https://openalex.org/W1968707190","https://openalex.org/W1996717576","https://openalex.org/W2000547023","https://openalex.org/W2001428189","https://openalex.org/W2009914532","https://openalex.org/W2011044564","https://openalex.org/W2025366179","https://openalex.org/W2052471278","https://openalex.org/W2054655287","https://openalex.org/W2057569029","https://openalex.org/W2072041430","https://openalex.org/W2072522618","https://openalex.org/W2079277602","https://openalex.org/W2100959503","https://openalex.org/W2130031954","https://openalex.org/W2131216884","https://openalex.org/W2132569683","https://openalex.org/W2136435696","https://openalex.org/W2147219572","https://openalex.org/W2153208799","https://openalex.org/W2166073443","https://openalex.org/W2167822639","https://openalex.org/W2209296806","https://openalex.org/W2508595092","https://openalex.org/W2621395617","https://openalex.org/W2772704314","https://openalex.org/W2780601052","https://openalex.org/W2791956913","https://openalex.org/W2798673040","https://openalex.org/W2908954394","https://openalex.org/W2950977886","https://openalex.org/W2956626736","https://openalex.org/W2977360611","https://openalex.org/W3110151578","https://openalex.org/W3129593052","https://openalex.org/W3135098575","https://openalex.org/W4294021982","https://openalex.org/W4323924205","https://openalex.org/W4324135195","https://openalex.org/W4400198922","https://openalex.org/W7131315658","https://openalex.org/W7164160842"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4404300359","https://openalex.org/W7125976721","https://openalex.org/W4404866821","https://openalex.org/W7125814433","https://openalex.org/W4324135195","https://openalex.org/W7125598339","https://openalex.org/W4406444961","https://openalex.org/W2099492500","https://openalex.org/W7213937335","https://openalex.org/W7164160842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"High-density":[2],"electroencephalography":[3],"(EEG)":[4],"improves":[5],"spatial":[6,113,226,286],"sampling":[7],"but":[8,239,310],"entails":[9],"greater":[10],"acquisition":[11],"cost,":[12],"preparation":[13],"time,":[14],"participant":[15],"burden,":[16],"and":[17,60,76,86,89,100,122,144,167,175,189,210,246,295,313,320],"computational":[18],"demand.":[19],"However,":[20],"the":[21,112,116,179,225,229,250,285,289],"extent":[22],"to":[23,37,107,224,327],"which":[24],"electrode":[25,108],"reduction":[26,109],"affects":[27,220],"successive":[28],"levels":[29],"of":[30,115,228,288],"EEG":[31,51,93,221,290],"analysis":[32],"from":[33],"global":[34,88,162,237],"signal":[35,84],"properties":[36],"cortical":[38,102,321],"network":[39],"inference":[40,323],"remains":[41],"insufficiently":[42],"understood.":[43],"Methods":[44],"We":[45],"systematically":[46],"subsampled":[47],"two":[48,331],"independent":[49,332],"resting-state":[50,251],"datasets":[52],"comprising":[53],"120":[54],"children":[55],"recorded":[56,63],"with":[57,64,111,182,208,284],"128":[58,209],"channels":[59,212,257],"98":[61],"adults":[62],"256":[65,211],"channels.":[66,191,342],"Density-dependent":[67],"effects":[68,282],"were":[69,125,170,213],"assessed":[70],"across":[71,128],"128-,":[72],"256-,":[73],"64-,":[74],"32-,":[75],"19-channel":[77],"configurations":[78],"using":[79],"a":[80,200,259,277],"multilevel":[81],"framework":[82],"encompassing":[83],"representation":[85],"quality,":[87],"regional":[90,137],"spectral":[91,120,138,293],"power,":[92],"microstates,":[94],"scalp-level":[95],"effective":[96,142],"connectivity,":[97,143],"traveling":[98,318],"waves,":[99,319],"source-level":[101],"hub":[103,173,322],"topology.":[104],"Results":[105],"Sensitivity":[106],"increased":[110],"specificity":[114,287],"outcome.":[117],"Global":[118,292],"relative":[119],"power":[121,294],"explained":[123,163,296],"variance":[124,297],"comparatively":[126,299],"stable":[127],"configurations.":[129],"In":[130],"contrast,":[131],"signal-to-noise":[132],"ratio,":[133],"entropy,":[134],"reconstruction":[135],"error,":[136],"distributions,":[139],"traveling-wave":[140],"estimates,":[141],"microstate":[145,153],"dynamics":[146,312],"became":[147],"progressively":[148],"more":[149,215,325],"density-sensitive.":[150],"Although":[151],"canonical":[152],"classes":[154,305],"remained":[155],"broadly":[156],"identifiable":[157],"at":[158,187,301,307],"lower":[159],"densities,":[160],"their":[161],"variance,":[164],"temporal":[165,311],"parameters,":[166],"transition":[168,201,261],"structure":[169],"altered.":[171],"Source-level":[172],"identity":[174],"centrality":[176],"ranking":[177],"showed":[178,199],"greatest":[180],"vulnerability,":[181],"markedly":[183],"reduced":[184],"cross-density":[185],"agreement":[186],"32":[188],"19":[190],"Across":[192,330],"both":[193],"datasets,":[194,333],"several":[195,263],"spatially":[196,264,335],"dependent":[197,265,336],"measures":[198,337],"around":[202],"64":[203,256,341],"channels,":[204],"whereas":[205],"estimates":[206],"obtained":[207],"generally":[214],"similar.":[216],"Conclusions":[217],"Electrode":[218],"density":[219],"outcomes":[222],"according":[223],"scale":[227],"intended":[230],"inference.":[231],"Sparse":[232],"montages":[233],"may":[234],"preserve":[235],"broad":[236],"summaries":[238],"are":[240,315,324],"less":[241],"reliable":[242],"for":[243,262],"regional,":[244],"spatiotemporal,":[245],"source-network":[247],"analyses.":[248],"Under":[249],"conditions":[252],"examined":[253],"here,":[254],"approximately":[255,340],"represented":[258],"pragmatic":[260],"measures.":[266],"This":[267],"value":[268],"should":[269],"be":[270],"interpreted":[271],"as":[272],"context-specific":[273],"guidance":[274],"rather":[275],"than":[276],"universal":[278],"threshold.":[279],"Highlights":[280],"Electrode-density":[281],"increase":[283],"measure.":[291],"remain":[298],"robust":[300],"low":[302,308],"density.":[303],"Microstate":[304],"persist":[306],"density,":[309],"syntax":[314],"distorted.":[316],"Connectivity,":[317],"sensitive":[326],"sparse":[328],"sampling.":[329],"many":[334],"deteriorate":[338],"below":[339]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00"}