{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7215968184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.754910","title":"Temporal organization of shared brain states characterizes heterogeneity in major depressive disorder","display_name":"Temporal organization of shared brain states characterizes heterogeneity in major depressive disorder","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7215968184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.754910"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.28.754910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.754910","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.754910","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/02/2026.09.28.754910.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/02/2026.09.28.754910.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137108477","display_name":"Chunyu Pan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100650","display_name":"Hong Kong Jockey Club","ror":"https://ror.org/015ygrv52","country_code":"HK","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunyu Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","Hong Kong Jockey Club STEM Laboratory of Genomics and AI in Healthcare, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Jockey Club STEM Laboratory of Genomics and AI in Healthcare, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041004264","display_name":"Yue Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9479-4312","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9479-4312"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100650","display_name":"Hong Kong Jockey Club","ror":"https://ror.org/015ygrv52","country_code":"HK","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","Hong Kong Jockey Club STEM Laboratory of Genomics and AI in Healthcare, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Jockey Club STEM Laboratory of Genomics and AI in Healthcare, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5154493154","display_name":"Fei Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109791","display_name":"Nanjing Brain Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcx2305","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109791"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83519826","display_name":"Nanjing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gcgy73","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83519826"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China","Early Intervention Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China","Functional Brain Imaging Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83519826"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Early Intervention Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109791"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Functional Brain Imaging Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83519826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5156215051","display_name":"Kangguang Lin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kangguang Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Guangdong, 518172, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Guangdong, 518172, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141049384","display_name":"Shulan Qiu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100650","display_name":"Hong Kong Jockey Club","ror":"https://ror.org/015ygrv52","country_code":"HK","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shulan Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","Hong Kong Jockey Club STEM Laboratory of Genomics and AI in Healthcare, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Jockey Club STEM Laboratory of Genomics and AI in Healthcare, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5156224092","display_name":"Weixiong Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100650","display_name":"Hong Kong Jockey Club","ror":"https://ror.org/015ygrv52","country_code":"HK","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weixiong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","Hong Kong Jockey Club STEM Laboratory of Genomics and AI in Healthcare, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Jockey Club STEM Laboratory of Genomics and AI in Healthcare, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5156224092"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506","https://openalex.org/I4210100650"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13283","display_name":"Mental Health Research Topics","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11071","display_name":"Treatment of Major Depression","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/major-depressive-disorder","display_name":"major depressive disorder","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-models","display_name":"hidden Markov models","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symptom-networks","display_name":"symptom networks","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resting-state-fmri","display_name":"resting-state fMRI","score":0.6159999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778473898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145110","display_name":"Repertoire","level":2,"score":0.7253999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780051608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42844","display_name":"Major depressive disorder","level":3,"score":0.7190999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45715564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292103","display_name":"Connectome","level":3,"score":0.5769000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.5555999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66324658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316120","display_name":"Resting state fMRI","level":2,"score":0.525600016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162317418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252857","display_name":"Transcriptome","level":4,"score":0.4611000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141516989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1182555","display_name":"Default mode network","level":3,"score":0.4068000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780196419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762173","display_name":"Nerve net","level":2,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.3799000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779226451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92835128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277447","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","level":3,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018011982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316120","display_name":"Functional connectivity","level":2,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120843803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955807","display_name":"Brain activity and meditation","level":3,"score":0.3458999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779478453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889748","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186767784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5162841","display_name":"Consensus clustering","level":5,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97820695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387749","display_name":"Human Connectome Project","level":3,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50231774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639842","display_name":"Brain mapping","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123757187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9195957","display_name":"Network dynamics","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781099131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744385","display_name":"Temporal lobe","level":3,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107968991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868509","display_name":"Functional specialization","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129564537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460873","display_name":"Neural correlates of consciousness","level":3,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32946077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618079","display_name":"Network analysis","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.28.754910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.754910","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.754910","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/02/2026.09.28.754910.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.28.754910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.754910","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.28.754910","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/02/2026.09.28.754910.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1741963996","display_name":"Subtyping and diagnosis of schizophrenia by systems-biology analytics","funder_award_id":"10211696","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335055","funder_display_name":"Health and Medical Research Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335055","display_name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/03qh32912"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7215968184.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7215968184.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4281701755","https://openalex.org/W4410826654","https://openalex.org/W4415439576","https://openalex.org/W7172333888"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3041994612","https://openalex.org/W4384498580","https://openalex.org/W3037174414","https://openalex.org/W4416276249","https://openalex.org/W4378417481","https://openalex.org/W4417019722","https://openalex.org/W7203676448","https://openalex.org/W4308348232","https://openalex.org/W4390571425","https://openalex.org/W4411286462"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Major":[1],"depressive":[2],"disorder":[3],"(MDD)":[4],"is":[5,12,147,169],"biologically":[6],"heterogeneous,":[7],"but":[8,156],"how":[9,161],"this":[10],"variability":[11],"expressed":[13,148],"in":[14,136,160],"the":[15],"temporal":[16,43,68],"organization":[17],"of":[18,74,89,165],"brain":[19,38,167],"activity":[20],"remains":[21],"unclear.":[22],"Using":[23],"resting-state":[24],"functional":[25,65],"MRI":[26],"from":[27],"2,225":[28],"participants,":[29],"we":[30],"applied":[31],"hidden":[32],"Markov":[33],"modeling":[34],"to":[35],"identify":[36],"recurrent":[37,166],"states":[39,46,93,168],"and":[40,55,67,78,99,111,129],"quantify":[41],"their":[42],"organization.":[44],"Five":[45],"formed":[47],"a":[48,95,162],"shared":[49,126],"repertoire":[50,98,164],"across":[51,63,127],"individuals":[52],"with":[53],"MDD":[54,139,145],"healthy":[56],"controls,":[57],"while":[58],"MDD-related":[59],"alterations":[60],"were":[61,134],"distributed":[62,153],"states,":[64],"systems,":[66],"properties.":[69],"Within":[70],"MDD,":[71],"unsupervised":[72],"clustering":[73],"state":[75,97,124],"occupancy,":[76],"persistence,":[77],"switching":[79],"delineated":[80],"two":[81],"prototype":[82],"neurodynamic":[83],"architectures":[84,105],"characterized":[85],"by":[86],"preferential":[87],"deployment":[88,132],"ACS/VSS":[90],"or":[91],"MAS/DMS":[92],"within":[94],"preserved":[96],"broadly":[100],"similar":[101],"transition":[102],"backbone.":[103],"The":[104],"showed":[106],"different":[107],"within-group":[108],"brain\u2013symptom":[109],"associations":[110],"symptom-network":[112],"patterns.":[113],"Connectome":[114],"transcriptome":[115],"analyses":[116],"organized":[117,170],"architecture\u2013state":[118],"imaging":[119],"patterns":[120,133],"into":[121],"three":[122],"transcriptomic":[123],"families":[125],"architectures,":[128],"contrasting":[130],"group-level":[131],"recovered":[135],"an":[137],"independent":[138],"cohort.":[140],"These":[141],"findings":[142],"suggest":[143],"that":[144],"heterogeneity":[146],"not":[149],"only":[150],"through":[151,158],"spatially":[152],"neural":[154],"alterations,":[155],"also":[157],"differences":[159],"common":[163],"over":[171],"time.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00"}